1970-1979

= 1970 (Grace Jang) = =Luis F. Leloir = Born: September 6, 1906 in Paris, France. Died: Decemer 2, 1987 in Buenos Aires, Argentina Residence: Buenos Aires, Argentina Science Studies: Biochemistry Institution: Notable Awards: Scientific Career: - He collaborated with Malcom Dixon, N.L. Edson and D.E. Green. Reason for Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * University of Buenos Aires(Medical Doctor degree)
 * Washington University in St. Louis
 * Columbia University
 * Fundacion Instituto Campomar
 * University of Cambridge
 * The Biochemical Laboratory of Cambridge
 * Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
 * Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * French Legion of Honor
 * the Institute of Physiology working on the role of the adrenalin carbohydrate metabolism
 * the Biochemical Laboratory of Cambridge, England, which was directed by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins.
 * worked with J.M. Munoz on the oxidation of fatty acids in liver.
 * worked with E.Braun <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px;">Menéndez, J.C. Fasciolo and A.C. Taquini on the formation of angiotensin.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">a Research Assistant in Dr. Carl F. Cori's laboratory in St. Louis, United States
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">worked with D.E. Green in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">he has been Director of the Instituto de investigaciones Bioquímicas, Fundación Campomar.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Leloir went on to help establish the Argentine Society for Biochemical Research and the Panamerican Association of Biochemical Sciences.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Luis F. Leloir was awarded for his discovery of sugar nucleotides(acts as glycosyl donors in Glycosylation) and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates(<span style="font-family: Arial,Verdana,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px;">formation of carbohydrates in organisms, living cells)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Verdana,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Carbohydrates form a comprehensive group of naturally occurring substances, which include innumerable sugars and sugar derivatives. Carbohydrates are of great importance in biology. The unique reaction, which makes life possible on Earth, namely the assimilation of the green plants, produces sugar, from which originate, not only all carbohydrates but also all other components of living organisms. The important role of carbohydrates in human food and in the metabolism of living organisms is well known. It is not surprising that the carbohydrates and their metabolism have been the subject of comprehensive and in many respects successful biochemical and medical research for a long time. While working on these problems, Leloir made the discoveries for which he has now been awarded the Nobel Prize.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Verdana,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Also Leloir's discovery that other sugar nucleotides have another action which occurs in the biological synthesis of compounds which are composed of or contain simple sugars or sugar derivatives. Leloir showed that all these syntheses are essentially transfer reactions. Sugar moieties from sugar nucleotides are transferred to accepting molecules which increase in size. Probably the most sensational discovery made by Leloir was that the synthesis of the high-molecular poly-saccharides also functions in this manner. The first example of the fundamental role of the sugar nucleotides in poly-saccharide biosynthesis was found by Leloir in 1959 in the case of glycogen.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Verdana,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Through Leloir's work, knowledge of great significance has been gained in wide and important sections of biochemistry. It can be readily appreciated that Leloir's work has also had far-reaching consequences in physiology and medicine.

Work Cited <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/leloir-bio.html] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/carbohydrate_biosynthesis.htm] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/press.html]


 * <span style="color: #645a60; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">Sam Falcon- 1971 **

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sam Falcon <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chemistry Honors <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ms. Gawlik <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">11/5/10 <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gerhard Herzberg, AKA: The Man <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gerhard Herzberg, who I will be referring to simply as Herzberg, was a physicist and chemist. He contributed to the scientific community through atomic and molecular spectroscopy. In his day he was world known, a member of the royal society of both Canada and London. He was also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His work won him a Nobel Prize and his dedication got him a building in Canada named after him, the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics. He died in Canada, the lace that he called home. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Herzberg was born in Germany on the Christmas of 1904, but fled to Canada in 1935 as a refugee for obvious reasons. It seems that all famous scientists are Germans who fled during the war. Herzberg studied at Darmstadt University of Technology. There he earned his Dr. Ing degree and from 1928 to 1930 he continued working on his doctorate work at the University of Göttingen. When he came to Canada he became a guest professor at the University of Saskatoon. While his Nobel Prize was won in Chemistry, he was very interested in Physics. He became the research professor of Physics at Saskatoon very soon after he arrived there. Later in his life he also became the Director of the Division of Physics in Canada’s National Research Council. This was after he had served as a professor at the University of Chicago from 1945 to 1948. During his time in the Canadian National Research Council Herzberg was the director of both the Division of Pure Physics, and applied Physics, when the two branches merged. In 1971 he won the Nobel Prize for his contributions to the field of spectroscopy. Sadly, his wife died only months before and was unable to see him receive the award. He also was the first to explain accurately how electrons chemically bond. He was extremely hard working. In Canada, unbeknownst to me, it is required that every citizen retire at the age of 65. When Herzberg reached this age, he refused. Being held so high in Canada’s good graces, they made him a Research Scientist Emeritus and allowed him to continue to work full time. He finally stopped his studies in 1995 when the pains and sicknesses of old age started to take over. He died four years later, in Ottawa, Canada. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Herzberg was an incredible scientist. He was a great student, and a great professor. His institute in Ottawa is the world’s best center for molecular spectroscopic research. His Nobel Prize was won for his investigations on how molecules absorb light outside the ultraviolet and visible range. This is helpful because it sheds some light on how much energy certain molecules contain. This and his study of Free Radicals won him the Nobel in Chemistry and not Physics or Astrophysics. In a reaction, two or more molecules have to be present on one side of the equation, and be present in the other side of the equation arranged in a different way. In between these two phases the molecules have to be broken down at some point, and when they are broken down they are called Free Radicals. They are very hard to study and observe because they are only present for very small amounts of time. I cannot even imagine how long it must have taken to get accurate readings on such small elements that are only present for millionths of a second at a time. He was truly dedicated. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Herzberg’s work influenced every subject in chemistry. His work is studied today. I think it is astounding that someone can get work published in both history of a subject, as well in applied uses of it as well. Herzberg is in many Chemistry History books, and his work is in many chemistry books. He is not as famous as John Von Neumann or Einstein, but he does not need to be. Most famous scientists are famous because of either an incredible variety of achievements, or just a few that influenced a war or a breakthrough in technology. Herzberg’s work was very specific, and so did not attain as much notice. But he was a kind man, loved by everyone he knew. He left his homeland because of World War II, but not because he was Jewish, but because his wife was Jewish, and he did not want to risk her safety. He was also a vegetarian, which makes him a good person no matter how you look at him. Being famous is not always important. Herzberg’s work is incredible and without his discoveries, Chemistry would certainly be different. The people who you have not heard of are often times the ones who have done something incredible. No one would know if they bumped into Andy Rubin on the way to work, but even if they did they would not know how he was, even though most of their phones probably run his Android software. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Herzberg was extremely influential in the field of ionic and molecular spectroscopy, and his work will always be referenced. He was an incredible man, and a brilliant chemist and physicist.

Works Cited: <span style="display: block; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.95pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -35.95pt;"> Works Cited <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;">1) “NNDB tracking the world.” NNDB.com. 2010 http://www.nndb.com/people/594/000100294/ <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;">2) "Nobelprize.org". Nobelprize.org. 15 Nov 2010 []

1973: Ernst Otto Fischer
 * <span style="color: #645a60; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">Noelle Pigott **

<span style="color: #645a60; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">


 * <span style="color: #645a60; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">﻿ **Ernst Otto Fischer was born on November 10, 1918 in Solon a city not far from Germany's capital Munich. Fischer was the third child of parents, Dr. Karl T. Fischer and Valentine //née// Danzer. He attended elementary school, grammar school and later took two years of compulsory military service before World War II, which he served in. In the winter of 1941-1942 he became interested in the study of Chemistry and took classes at the Technical College in Munich during his study of leave period. When he was released from WWII, he went back to study Chemistry at the college. Once he graduated he became scientific assistant to Professor Walter Hieber in the Inorganic Chemistry Department who helped him with his book, The Mechanisms of Carbon Monoxide Reactions of Nickel II Salts in the Presence of Dithionites and Sulfoxylates. He was later appointed lecturer at the Technical College in 1955 and in 1957, professor at the University of Munich. Fischer also became Senior Professor at the University of Munich after turning down an offer as the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Jena. In 1973, Fischer and colleague Geoffrey Wilkinson won the noble Prize in Chemistry “for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, or sandwich compounds.” A sandwich compound is a chemical compound featuring a metal bound by haptic covalent bonds to two agene ligands. The name was introduced in an organometallic nomenclature in the mid-1950s. The structure helped explain puzzles about ferrocene’s conformers.

Geoffrey Wilkinson

Geoffrey Wilkinson was born in Springside a village close to Todmorden in west Yorkshire on July 14, 1921. His father and grandfather were both master house painters and decorators. His mother’s side was hill farming stock and weavers in the local cotton mills. Wilkinson was the oldest of three children and educated in the local council primary school and after winning a County Scholarship in 1932, he went to Todmorden Secondary School. That same school had two Nobel Laureates attend it within 25 years. He had the same Physics teacher as Sir John Cockroft. He married Lise Solver, and had two daughters. His first introduction to chemistry came from his uncle, a well-known organist and choirmaster who married into a family that owned a small chemical company making Epsom and Glauber’s salt for the pharmaceutical industry. Wilkinson played around in the labs and go on visits to various chemical companies with his uncle. He received a Royal Scholarship for study at the College of Science and Technology where HE graduated in 1941. When war came around, he was told to stay back and do some research, one of his professors recruited him and other chemists for the nuclear energy project. For the next four years in Berkeley, he was engaged mostly on nuclear taxonomy and made new neutron deficient isotopes using the cyclotrons of the Radiation Laboratory.

work cited: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://www.google.com/images?hl=en&rlz=1C1SNNT_enUS394US394&biw=1366&bih=667&tbs=isch:1&sa=1&q=sandwich+compound&btnG=Search&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich_compound] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/presentation-speech.html] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/]
 * <span style="color: #645a60; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">﻿ **


 * <span style="color: #645a60; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">Chris Kelly- 1975 **
 * [[image:http://images.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1975/cornforth.jpg caption="John Warcup Cornforth"]] ||
 * John Warcup Cornforth ||


 * [[image:http://images.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1975/prelog.jpg caption="Vladimir Prelog"]] ||
 * Vladimir Prelog ||

In 1975 there were two Nobel Prize winners, John Warcup Cornforth on the top and Vladimir Prelog on the bottom, for organic chemistry and stereochemistry. Cornforth was born on September 7, 1917 in Sydney, Australia. His father was English and his mother was a descendant of a German minister who moved to South Wales in 1832. Cornforth was the second child out of four. He moved back and forth between Sydney and New South Wales. At age ten, he showed signs of deafness from otosclerosis, a formation of new bone about the stapes or cochlea. He then attended Sydney Boys’ High School where found his love for chemistry; with the help of his teacher, Leonard Basser. He later attended Sydney University at the age of sixteen where he was very attracted to laboratory work in organic chemistry. He graduated in 1937 and earned a scholarship to attend Oxford which only two scholarships were given out. The other was given to Rita Harradence also from Sydney and an organic chemist as well. They were soon married in 1941 and had three children. With his breakthrough on making penicillin, he collaborated on writing //The Chemistry of Penicillin//. He later pursued his experiments on the reaction for the synthesis of the sterols. With his wife as his collaborator, Cornforth pushed himself to make great discoveries in finding the arrangement of the acetic acid molecules. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Vladimir Prelog was born July 23rd, 1906 in Sarajevo in the province of Bosnia, which belonged to the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy back then and in 1918, became part of Yugoslavia. At the beginning of the first World War, in 1915, he moved to Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. From 1924 to 1929 he studied Chemistry at the Czech Institute of Technology in Prague, Czechoslovakia. His Professor was Emil Votocek, one of the prominent founders of chemical research in Czechoslovakia. His mentor was Rudolf Lukes, then lecturer and later successor of Votocek to the chair of organic chemistry. Lukes played a very important part of his early scientific education, and he remained a close friend until his death in 1960. An addition to his teachers was Robert Robinson, Christopher Ingold and Leopold Ruzicka. In later years Prelog was fortunate to become so close to all three of these great chemists. After graduating he found a postion in the newly created laboratory of G.J. Dríza in Prague where rare chemicals were produced on small scale. Although he had great resources there, Prelog wanted to work in an academic environment. From there, Prelog accepted the position to be a lecturer at the University of Zagreb in 1935.With the help of a couple co-workers, Prelog developed a small pharmaceutical factory before the Second World War started. With the war in progress Prelog didn’t feel safe so he received an invitation from Richard Kuhn to give some lectures in Germany, and shortly afterwards Leopold Ruzicka invited Prelog to visit him. With these two invitations, it was possible for him to escape with his wife to Switzerland. With Ruzicka at his side, Prelog obtained generous support from CIBA Ltd. and started work in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. The cooperation with Ruzicka lasted many years and enabled Prelog to make my slow progress up the academic hierarchical ladder. In 1957, Prelog succeeded Ruzicka as head of the Laboratory. Prelog was a great lecturer and a great chemist, but he focused more on being involved more in the education not really being in charge of it. He died on January 7, 1988 in Zurich, Switzerland. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> Sources: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005488; font-family: arial,sans-serif; line-height: normal; padding-right: 10px;">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_ prizes/chemistry/laureates/ 1975/prelog-lecture.pdf <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #005488; padding-right: 10px;">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_ prizes/chemistry/laureates/ 1975/cornforth-lecture.pdf <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #005488; padding-right: 10px;"> http://nobelprize.org/nobel_ prizes/chemistry/laureates/ 1975/#


 * <span style="color: #645a60; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">Daniel Dorough- 1976 **

William N. Lipscomb, Jr.
 * [[image:http://images.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1976/lipscomb_postcard.jpg height="396" caption="William N. Lipscomb"]] ||

William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1919. Raised in Kentucky, he developed an early interest in science. Deciding to major in physics, he attended the University of Kentucky and went to graduate school at the California Institute of Technology. However, his path was steered toward chemistry after "the influence of [famed chemist and his doctoral advisor] Linus Pauling," he decided to pursue a future in chemistry. After receiving a Ph.D. in chemistry, he worked with other noted scientists on Allied scientific endeavors in World War II. Interested in the budding fields of biochemistry and theoretical chemistry, he had a firm belief in the "force of science, applied even in everyday life where in other hands it may not be effective," using this rigid opinion of the field's utility to drive his intellectual inquiry. He began teaching at Harvard University in 1959 and thereafter begun his famed experiments in working with boranes. Boranes are "any of a series of unstable binary compounds of boron and hydrogen." Attempting to explain the bonding of boron and hydrogen in the compound, he used the then new practice of x-ray crystallography (arranging atoms into solids) to explain the complicated relation that the two aforementioned elements have in forming boranes. Usually, electrons are required to have two atoms to bond, but Lipscomb proved that electrons in boranes are linked by three atoms. Therefore, Lipscomb made a significant change to the accepted electron bonding theorem of that day. For these efforts, Lipscomb was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1976. Lipscomb is currently still teaching at Harvard and in his free time enjoys chamber music and tennis.

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin: 0px; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://wlipscomb.tripod.com/wnl_life.html]

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin: 0px; padding-right: 10px;"> [|http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/342987/William-Nunn-Lipscomb-Jr]

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin: 0px; padding-right: 10px;"> []