Assignment+1-+Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements+Wiki

Hydrogen
toc The element hydrogen (H) was discovered in 1766 by Henry Cavendish. Hydrogen is French for water-maker. Yet, the word hydrogen comes from the Greek words hudôr –meaning water, and gennan –meaning generate. Hydrogen can be obtained from mines, oil, and gas wells, and it is the most abundant element in the universe. We use this element for creating petroleum refining, and in rocket fuels. Hydrogen is a colorless, highly flammable gaseous, non-metal. Being the first element on the Periodic Table hydrogen has no neutrons, 1 proton/electron, and is the lightest of all gases. Its atomic number is 1. It’s atomic mass is 1.00794 amu. You can melt hydrogen at -259.14°C, and boil it at -252.87°C. Plus, hydrogen is found in abundance in stars and giant gas planets. (Lydia Hanson)

Helium
Helium is the second element on the Periodic Table. It has two protons and electrons in its atom. Helium or, He is the 2nd most abundant element in the universe and classified as a noble gas. It has an atomic weight of 4.002602. Evidence of helium was first observed in 1868, as a bright yellow line in the chromosphere of the sun by French astronomer Pierre Janssen. The line was thought to be sodium until Norman Lockyer, an English astronomer observed it later in the same year. The element was jointly named Helium by Lockyer and Edward Frankland; after helios, the Greek word for sun. An Italian physicist, Luigi Palmieri, first found helium on earth in 1882 in lava from Mount Vesuvius. It was March 1895 when Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist isolated helium on earth in an experiment treating clevite with mineral acids. Sir Ramsay conducted the experiment for argon but sent the samples off when he noticed the bright yellow line. Lockyer and Crookes confirmed that the samples were indeed Helium. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic gas. Helium’s most common uses include cryogenics, the cooling of superconducting magnets as well as a lifting gas in hot air balloons and other airships. (Adam Philyaw)

Lithium
Lithium was founded by a scientist named Arfvedson in 1819. It is the lightest of all elements, and has a density of only about half that of water. It is found within mineral springs, and can be combined in small amounts to help create almost every type of igneous rock, and has a silvery appearance. Lithium is most commonly used as a prescription drug. Its first treatment began in the nineteenth century, and it was used as a drug that treated gout. In modern times however, it has begun to treat bipolar disorders, usually involved with mania and depression, both with short term and long term cases, but takes about a month to begin having an effect. It's influence on helping patients that suffered from mania was founded in 1949 by John Case, an Australian psychiatrist, who was experimenting on rats. He proposed that lithium salts could be used as tranquilizers on people with mania, and it soon became one of the first effective treatments on mental illnesses. Later, in the concluding years of the nineteenth century up through the early years of the twentieth century, Charles Lieper Grigg invented the formula for the soda drink "7 Up" which included lithium carbonate. (Carlye Reynolds)

Beryllium
Beryllium was discovered in its oxide form by Vauquelin in 1798. It was isolated in 1828 by Wohler and Bussy. This was done by adding potassium on Beryllium Chloride. Beryllium is found in 30 types of minerals including Emeralds and Aquamarine. Most of the metal is made now by reducing beryllium floride with magnesium. Beryllium metal was not found commercially until 1957. Beryllium has many different properties such as steel grey in color, one of the lightest metals, one of the highest mealting points for light metals (1287 Degrees Celcius), and its elasticity is one thrid greater than that of steel. Beryllium is used to alloying agent in producing beryllium copper, for springs, Electrical contacts, and Spot-welding electrodes. Beryllium has an atomic number of 4, Atomic weight of 9.01218, and Atomic Symbol is Be. (Tyler Wylie)

Boron
The element Boron (B) was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphrey Davy, L.J. Thenard. Jons Jacob Berzelius identified boron as an element in 1824. Pure boron was produced by the American chemist W. Weintraub in 1909. The name Boron is derived from borax and carbon which it was made up of. It is classified as a metalloid and is heat resistant. It’s a soft, brown, amorphous or crystalline nonmetallic element, extracted chiefly from kernite and borax and used in flares, propellant mixtures, nuclear reactor control elements, abrasives, and hard metallic alloys. The element contains five protons and electrons and six neutrons. Its crystal structure is rhomboherdral. The element is not found freely in nature, but only found in volcanic spring water. Its two resources, kernite and borax ore, can be found in the Mojave Desert. Boron is a bad electric conductor at room temperature but good at high temperatures, so the element mainly can survive in areas of high temperature.It also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. The hydrides are easily oxidized with considerable energy liberation, and have been studied for use as rocket fuels. The demand for an increase for boron filaments, a high-strength, lightweight material is mainly needed for advanced aerospace structures. (Chris Kelly)

Carbon
Carbon, C, is the number 6 element on the periodic table. It was discovered in prehistory. This element has a group number of 14, a period number of 2 and is part of the nonmetal group. Carbon has an Atomic Volume of 4.58 cm3/mol, a Electron’s Configuration is 1s2 2s2p2and has 2 electrons in its first shell, and 4 in its second. Besides being found in x-rays, carbon is found free in nature in three forms: amorphous, graphite, and diamond. Graphite is one of the softest known materials yet diamond is one of the hardest. Microscopic diamonds are found in some meteorites. Natural diamonds are found in ancient volcanic "pipes" such as the ones in South Africa. Diamonds are also found on the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. Pure carbon has extremely low toxicity and can be handled and even ingested safely in the form of graphite or charcoal. Once it enters into the body's tissues it is likely to stay there. However, inhalation of coal dust in large quantities can be dangerous, causing lung diseases. Carbon may also burn robustly and brightly at high temperatures. (Laurel Cummings) sources-

Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, non-metallic gas that has an atomic number of 7 and is symbolized as ‘N’. It is still colorless and odorless in liquid form. It has an atomic weight of 14.0067 and it is in the group of the Periodic Table of Elements named Pnictogen. The electronic configuration for nitrogen is 1s2 2s2p3. It has a melting point of -210.00°C and a boiling point of -195.79°C. The word nitrogen comes from the Greek words ‘nitron’ and ‘genes’ which together mean ‘saltpetre forming’. It has 2 naturally occurring isotopes: nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15. Nitrogen was discovered in 1772 by a Scottish physician named Daniel Rutherford. It is now the world’s 5th most abundant element as it takes up about 78% of the earth’s atmosphere. There are a lot of uses of nitrogen, for example, sperm, eggs and embryos can be stored in liquid nitrogen to help infertile couples become pregnant. Liquid nitrogen is used to keep items frozen at very low temperatures. Most frozen foods use liquid nitrogen which keeps them frozen. Nitrogen gas can be used to keep things from reacting with water or air. Nitrogen gas can also be used as a protection shield in certain welding atmospheres because it is largely inert. (Alyssa Chin)

Oxygen
Oxygen is a non-metallic, colorless, odorless gas in the Chalcogen group in the Periodic Table of Elements. It has an atomic number of 8 and is symbolized as ‘O’. It also has 3 stable isotopes: 16O, 17O, and 18O. The electronic configuration for oxygen is 1s2 2s 2p4. It has an atomic weight of 15.9994, a melting point of -218.79°C and a boiling point of -182.95°C. Oxygen is the world’s 3rd most abundant element since it makes up almost 21% of the earth’s atmosphere. It also makes up 2/3 of the mass of a human body. Oxygen is used up during respiration in animals and is produced during photosynthesis in plants. Oxygen is needed for things like breathing, burning, welding, to make steel, water purification and is present in many organic compounds. The word ‘oxygen’ comes from two Greek words: ‘oxys’ and ‘genes’, which together mean ‘acid forming’. This was significant because it was believed that all acids contained oxygen. Oxygen is a very reactive gas and it combines with most elements. It was discovered in 1774 by an Englishman named Joseph Priestly, however Joseph didn’t publish it. Oxygen was then published later on in Sweden by a man named Carl W. Scheele. (Alyssa Chin)

Fluorine
(Darrius Woody) Flourine F) has an atomic number of 9 which means it had 9 protons and elections with 10 neutrons. It also has an atomic mass of 18.998404 amu and is a halogen. It’s melting point is 363.31598 degrees Farenheit, boiling point of 306.652 degrees F. This element is greenish and has a cubic structure. Georgius Agricola noticed through his experiments with mineral fluorspar that Fluorine can be used as a flux to fuse pure metal in 1530. Much later in 1886, a scientist named Henri Moissan isolated the element. Fluorine is a gas with a 53.6 K melting point (-219.6 oC) and a boiling point of 85.1 K (-188.1 oC). This element has a crystal structure with a cubic shape and a pale yellow color. Fluorine is an element with highly toxic and can eat away at any substance. Fluorine is the most reactive and the most electronegative. Fluorine is flammable gas, with a nasty smell. It is the lightest halogen. It reacts violently with water to produce oxygen and the extremely corrosive hydrofluoric acid.This element is found in toothpaste and other dental products.

Neon
The Element Neon is the tenth element on the periodic table. It is part of the group of noble gases and can be recognized by everyone in the form of lit signs. Neon was discovered by the chemist Sir William Ramsey of England in 1898. Neon’s name comes from the Greek word neon, which means “new one”. Neon has a melting point of -248.67°C and a boiling point of -246.048°C and an atomic mass of 20.17. The neon that is most common is a mixture of three isotopes, however, there five other unstable isotopes of neon that are known. Obviously the most common use of neon is in neon signs. There are, however, many other uses of neon such as lighting, television tubing and liquid neon can be used as a refrigerant. Neon is a rare gaseous element on planet earth. It can be found in the atmosphere and obtained by liquefying air and distilling it. It is, however, abundant and very common in the universe. The first person to use neon after it was discovered was Georges Claude who made a lamp from neon gas in 1910. J.J. Thompson also used neon in his studies of canal rays. (Evan Jones)

Sodium
(Diana Overholser)

Magnesium
The element Magnesium was discovered in 1755 by Joseph Black and isolated in 1808 by Sir Humphrey Davy. Magnesium’s symbol is Mg and its atomic number is 12 and its mass is 24.305. Magnesium is needed in almost every organ in the body especially the heart, muscles, and kidneys. Magnesium activates enzymes, helps with energy production, and regulates calcium levels. Magnesium can be found in many different foods, but you can find it most in nuts, green vegetables, and whole grains. Most people in the United States of America do not get as much magnesium as they need. Some diseases that can create a magnesium deficiency are diabetes, kidney disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and hyperthyroidism. Magnesium can be used for asthma, type two diabetes, fibromyalgia, high blood pressure, and migraine headaches. Magnesium is available in many forms. Some of these forms are magnesium citrate, magnesium gluconate, and magnesium lactate. The level of B6 is what determines how much magnesium is allowed into your body. Symptoms of low magnesium are anxiety, sleep disorders, low blood pressure, or seizures. Giving magnesium to children is chancy so ask your doctor before you give it to a child. The need for magnesium increases when a person is pregnant, recovering from illness and athletic training. An overdose of magnesium can cause vomiting, slowed heart rate, confusion, coma, or even death. (Kim Machuca)

Aluminum
Aluminum comes from the Latin word alumen. aluminum, Al, was discovered by a man named Hans Christian Oersted in Copenhagen Denmark 1825. But many give most credit to Wohler because he isolated it while Oersted found it in its impure form. Aluminum is a type of metal and is known for being the most plentiful metal in earth's crust. The atomic mass average of Al is 26.98154. Aluminum looks silvery, light weight, non- magnetic, non- sparking and malleable metal. The Melting point of Aluminum is 933.4 K 660.25 degrees Celsius 1220.45 degrees Fahrenheit. All of the earth's aluminum has combined with other elements to form compounds. It can not be found in free nature. Two of the most common compounds are alum, such as (KAl(SO 4 ) 2 ·12H 2 O), potassium aluminum sulfate, and aluminum oxide(Al 2 O 3 ). Ancient Greeks and Romans used alum as an astringent, for medical purposes and in dyeing. Now aluminum is used in kitchen utensils, exterior decorations, and thousands of industrial applications. There are also electrical conductvity uses of aluminum, it's used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. (Noelle Pigott)


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**Silicon** Silicon is the 14th element on the periodic table, and is one of the most useful and abundant elements. It is a nonmetal, and many plant and animal habitats use it. Fish and plants in the ocean extract silica from the sea floor to use in their cell walls. It is extremely important to the metabolism of plants. Humans use it for many things, such as cookware, glass, concrete, computer chips and glue. Most car parts have silicone melted into them. However, if someone inhales too much Silicon, it could lead to lung disease. Silicon is one of the most important ingredients in steel. At room temperature (about 298 K) Silicon is a solid. Its melting point is 1687 degrees Kelvin, and it boils at 3538 degrees Kelvin. Silicon makes up about 27 percent of Earth’s crust, and is rarely found pure in nature. Instead, it is usually found with deposits of gold or in volcanically active places. Quartz is actually a form of silicon dioxide. Its electrons fill to the 3p2 Energy level. It is also proposed that with enough solar energy, silicone could become a replacement for coal. If this is true, it could mean a more environmentally friendly source of energy. (Dillon Finlay)

Phosphorus
Phosphorus is symbolized by P on the periodic table of the elements. It is the one of the element in the nonmetallic section. It has atomic number 15, atomic weight around 30.97376. Its electronic configuration is [Ne]3s²3p³, and its atomic radius is 93pm. The common ion for the phosphorus is P^-3. The 31P is the natural phosphorus, but for the radioactive isotopes, there are 29P, 30P, 32P, and 33P. This element has various kinds of colors, such as white, or yellow, red, and black, or violet, especially it is usually white waxy solid, but when it is pure, it is colorless and pure. Phosphorus cannot be found independently in the nature; it usually combines with minerals as Phosphate rock. Since it is very baneful, the exposure of white phosphorus should not exceed 0.1 mg/m³. Also, the white phosphorus is very active with the air, so it should be kept under the water. Moreover, the white phosphorus melts at 44.2º in Celsius, and it boils at 227º C. If the phosphorus touches the skin, it may cause the severe burn. However, it is not only very important resource for the production of steels and phosphor bronze, but also it is crucial ingredients for the all cell protoplasm, nervous tissue, and bones.(Melissa Sim)

Sulfur
The chemical element Sulfur is a non-metal and has the atomic number 16. Sulfur is light yellow with the atomic symbol S. The atomic weight of this element is 32.066 and is a solid at room temperature. Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element in the world and is found in common minerals such as galena, epsomite, Celestite, and barite. The element used in ancient times and was known as brimstone. It is found in salt domes, hot springs, and volcanoes. Sulfur has four common isotopes, 32S (95.02%), 33S (0.75%), 34S (4.21%), and 36S (0.02%). Sulfur is an abundant, odorless element, except when it is burned. It has a low density and is soft. Sulfur is used commonly in the field of industrialization because it is manufactured into sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is used in explosives, fertilizers, cement, glass, fumigants, and matches. Moreover, sulfur is used in the production of sulfur powder, which is used in skin lotions, creams, and soap, for it is very helpful in the treatment of acne, oily skin, and other multiple skin conditions. Burning sulfur can be used to preserve fruit and bleach powder. Sulfur is also necessary for us to have and makes up .25% of our bodies. It can be obtained through dietary supplements and through some of the foods we eat such as garlic, onions, and grain. Sulfur can also help the healing process of wounds and is essential for everyday life. (Cady Drummonds)

Chlorine
Chlorine or “Cl” comes from the greek “chloros” which translates to “pale green”. Discovered by Mr. Carl Scheele in 1774, chlorine is a very common element mainly found in salt water as sodium chloride. With a atomic number of 17,the atomic weight of 35.453g, and having weak strength, chlorine is very reactive and easily bonds with almost any nearby element. Having a very strong smell allows chlorine to be noticed in quantities small as 3.5 ppm, and if someone is exposed to concentrations around 1000 ppm it could take only a few breathes to be fatal. Chlorine is a gas in its normal state, when people realized how fatal it was in high concentrations they began to use it as a war gas in WWI. Now years after the world wars, chlorine is used as a chemical to disinfect swimming pools. On a level of less practicality, chlorine has a melting point of 101.5°C and a boiling point of 34.04°C. Chlorine is also a halogen that is classified as a non metal, as you can see on the periodic table of elements because it is to the left of the understood dividing line between metals and non metals. Chlorine's two major isotopes are 35 Cl and 37 Cl. (David Todd)

Argon
Argon comes from a Greek word meaning "inactive". It has an atomic number of 18 and has the symbol Ar. Argon is an inactive gas which means it can not be bonded with other elements. Argon is also the third most common gas in our atmosphere. Argon is colorless, odorless, and nontoxic as a solid, liquid, and gas. the most common isotopes of argon on earth are 40 Ar, 36 Ar, and 38 Ar. Argon is commonly used industrially as a low thermal conductivity. (Jonathan McCracken)

Potassium
The word potassium comes from the word potash, which are various mines and manufactured salts that contain potassium in them. Potash was the name given to potassium until 1807 when Sir Humphry Davy discovered it by the use of electrolysis. Electrolysis is a method used when separating elements or to have a spontaneous reaction. Potassium is K on the Table of Elements, because in Latin Potassium is Kalium. Potassium has an atomic number 19 with the atomic mass of 39.0983, four energy levels, is a silver color, has a melting point of 63 degrees Celsius, and a boiling point of 774 degrees Celsius. Elemental potassium was does not occur in nature because it reacts violently with water, but potassium makes up 1.5 % of the earth’s crust weight. Some Chemical properties of potassium are that it is an Alkali metal; it must be protected from air when being stored to avoid disintegration of the metal from hydroxide and oxide corrosion. When it reacts with water, it produces hydrogen. And some physical properties of Kalium are that potassium is a silvery color, but in appearance it turns to a grey color immediately. There are plenty foods that contain potassium like; oranges, bananas, potatoes, avocadoes, cantaloupes, tomatoes, soybeans, broccoli, brown rice, garlic, apricots and a couple other fruits and vegetables all have potassium. (Kevin Mbundu)

Calcium
Calcium’s atomic number is twenty in the periodic table of elements. It has twenty electrons and twenty protons and its average mass is forty point zero seven eight. Calcium is very important element it is in our bone and it is one of the things we need to stay healthy. Calcium is also found in milk which is a beverage most people enjoy. But it is not just good for good teeth and strong bones but calcium also helps the function of nerves, muscles, kidneys, and the heart. Other things about this element are that it is located in the D-block of the periodic table; it is classified as an alkaline metal. It has a density of 1.55 grams over centimeters; its crystal structure is cubic. Its melting point is at 839 degrees Celsius. And boiling point is at 1484 degrees Celsius, it has a silver color and twenty neutrons. The person who discovered the calcium is Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. It gets its name from it Latin root calcis which means lime. You can get it from chalk lime stone and it is in three point five percent of the earth’s crust. (Gamal Hossack)

Scandium
Sc stands for scandium. Scandium is a solid metallic chemical element and sometimes reffered to as a rare earth element. Its atomic number is 21 and its atomic weight is 44.955912(6) g·mol−1. Scandium melts at 1541 °C and will boil at 2836 °C. Lars Fredrik Nilson discovered this new element in 1879 while observing minerals from Scandinavia. He named the element scandium which comes from the latin word meaning Scandinavia. The main usage of scandium is in aluminium-scandium alloys for use in aerospace industry components. Scandium may also be used sometimes in certain sports equipment including baseball bats and lacrosse sticks. (Jamie Crotts)

Titanium
The element Titanium was discovered in 1791 by Reverend William Gregor. Pure titanium was not produced until 1910 when Matthew A. Hunter produced it. Titanium’s symbol is Ti and its atomic number is 22. The mass of titanium is 47.90 and at room temperature it is a solid. Titanium’s classification is a metal. The ninth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust is titanium. Titanium is a strong metal, but also incredibly light. Steel is as strong as titanium, but titanium is twice as strong as aluminum. Titanium is used with boats because it is not easily corroded by sea water. Titanium is used to create artificial hips and pins to set bones with. Titanium costs a lot so it is not used as much as it could be. White paint is the largest use of titanium oxide. The melting point of titanium is 1914 K and its boiling point is 3560 K. The oxidation states of titanium are +4, +3, and +2. Titanium is present in meteorites and the sun. Major deposits of titanium are found in Canada, Australia, South Africa, Norway, India, and the United States. Titanium is a hard, silver-grey metallic color. Titanium was named after the Titans, giant sons of Uranus and Gaea, who got beaten by Zeus. (Kim Machuca)

Vanadium
The atomic number of Vandium(V) is 23 and it has 50.9415 atomic weight. It is greyish silvery metal and also soft and ductile. Vandium was discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio who is a Mexican chemist in 1801. He sent samples of Vandium ore and a description of it to the Institue de France in Paris, but unfortunately, his letter was lost in shipwreck, so only his sample was arrived to the Institution. However, the Institue de France in Paris desputed his discovery. Later on, Nils Gabriel Sefstrom who was a swedish chemist in 1830 rediscovered Vandium. Vandium is corrosion resistant and it does not easily absorb neutrons. Also, Vandium is a trace mineral that is present in many foods in small amount in the body. The buckwheat, soya bean, olive oil, sunflower oil, apples and eggs contain Vendium. Also, it can be found in algae, plants, invertebrates, fishes and many other species. However, it can have serious hazard to human body as irritaion of lungs, throat, eyes, and nasal cavities. Vandoum also blocks enzymes as ribonucleus, mutases, kinases, and synthases. On the other hand, the positive effects of vandium is its sensitivitiness to insuline, and lower cholesterol levels and blood pressure. (Eunji Baek)
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Chromium
Chromium or “Cr” was discovered by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin, in 1795, in a sample of lead, that contained in chromium in the form of chromium oxide. The name comes from the greek word “chroma” meaning color, for chromium has many different colored pigments. Chromium has an atomic number of 24 and an atomic weight of 51.996. The boiling point of chromium is 2671 °C and its melting point is 1907 °C. At temperatures above 38*C chromium begins to show paramagnetic properties. Like its metal family members, chromium is a solid at room temperature. Chromium's most common isotope is 52 Cr. Because of its strong resistance to corrosive acid, chromium is combined with other metals to strengthen them, such as combining chrome and steel to make stainless steel. Chrome is also used because of its color pigments to color stained class for buildings like churches. Chromium is never found as a free metal, but is commonly found combined with various other metals, so to use the substance, the chrome must be separated. (David Todd)

Manganese
Mn is the symbol for Manganese. It was recognized by Scheele, Bergman, and others as an element and isolated in the year 1774 by Johann Gahn. The word manganese comes from the word Mangnes , which means magnet. It is mainly used for steel, batteries, and ceramics. It is obtained from pyrolusite, psilomelane, and rhodochrosite. This element has a atomic number of 25, which means it has 25 protons and electrons. The atomic mass is 54.93805 amu. Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, Republic of S. Africa, Gabon, and India. The melting point of manganese is 1245.0 degrees Celsius or 2273 degrees Fahrenheit and the boiling point is 1962.0 degrees Celsius or 3563.6 degrees Fahrenheit. This element has 30 neutrons and is classified as a transition metal. The crystal structure of this element is cubic and its density @ 293 K is 7.43 g/cm3. The color of manganese is silver/grayish/white and it resembles iron. This metal is very hard but brittle. Its reactive chemically and decomposes in cold water slowly. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B. The isotopes of manganese are Mn-52, Mn-52m, Mn-53, Mn-54, Mn-55, Mn-56, Mn-57. (Ky Atkinson)

Iron
(Diana Overholser)

Cobalt
Cobalt was discovered by a Swedish chemist Georg Brandt in 1739 during an experiment trying to discover what is used to turn glasses blue, named for the German word for goblin. Cobalt is number 27 on the Periodic Table of the Elements. It is made up of twenty seven electrons, twenty seven protons, and neutrons. The transition metal is found solid at room temperature and has a melting point of 1,493°C and a boiling point of 3,100°C. As a moderately reactive element, cobalt combines slowly with oxygen in the air and it reacts with most acids to release hydrogen gas. Relatively in abundance, cobalt can be found 10 to 30 parts per million and is mined in Zambia, Cuba, Russia, Australia, Canada, and Zaire. Cobalt-59 is cobalt’s only naturally occurring isotope. Cobalt-60 is used as cancer treatment; harnessing the radiation given off by the isotope to kill the cancer cells. Also, cobalt-60 is used for food preservation. Allowing the radiation to affect the food kills bacteria and organism in the food and keeps the food fresher longer. Cobalt is mostly used to make superalloys. These superalloys are used when metals are put under lots of pressure and under high temperature. As a trace mineral in the human body, cobalt is essential for the production of vitamin B-12. (Savannah Bruun)

Nickel
Nickel is a silvery white element that takes on a high polish. It was discovered in 1751 in kupfernickel, which is niccolite. Nickel’s atomic number is 28 and its atomic weight is 58.70. It has a melting point of 1455 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 2913 degrees Celsius. Nickel is found as a component of most meteorites. It is often the element that distinguishes a meteorite from other minerals. Meteorites can contain anywhere from 5 percent to 20 percent nickel. Nickel is obtained from pentlandite and pyrrhotite. This is mainly found in the Canadian province of Ontario, more specifically in the Sudbury region. This region produces 30 percent of to world’s supply of nickel. Nickel is hard, malleable, ductile, and somewhat ferromagnetic. It is a decent conductor of both heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals. Nickel has many purposes. It is often used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. It is often found in tubing that is used for desalination plants for converting seawater into fresh water. It can be found in coins and also armor plates and burglarproof vaults. It can also be used to provide a protective coating for other metals. It can be used as a catalyst for hydrogenating vegatable oils. Nickel in its natural form has five stable isotopes and nine other unstable isotopes are known. Exposure to nickel should not exceed 0.05 mg/cm3. Nickel in dust form is potentially carcogenic. (Haley Moseley)

Copper
The element copper has an atomic number of 29 with the atomic symbol Cu. When in its purest form copper is soft and malleable. Copper is reddish-brown and is an electrical conductor. The atomic weight is 63.546 and is a solid at room temperature. Copper is a metal and has been used for over 11,000 years. Copper is most abundantly found in the United States, Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru and Canada. Copper is used for electrical wires and is the coating of pennies because it repels water and most types of moisture well. The name originates from the Latin word cyprium, after the island of Cyrus, where copper was abundant. Copper is used for blue ink, bronze, and brass. Copper is also used in the production of computers and has two stable isotopes. Copper has 29 electrons, 29 protons, and 35 neutrons. Moreover, it’s used in some jewelry and is the covering of the statue of liberty. Through a chemical reaction between water and metal, copper turns a blue-green color, which would explain the change in color of the statue of liberty from when it was first displayed to today. Copper’s most common use is in the production of wires, tubing, and multiple tools because it is a great heat and electrical conductor. (Cady Drummonds)

Zinc
Zinc was discovered in 1746 by Andreas Marggraf. The name’s origin comes from the german word “zin” which means tin. It’s symbol on the Periodic Table of the Elements is Zn and it’s atomic number is 30 and its atomic mass is 65.39(amu). Zinc’s melting point is 419.58 degrees Celsius and it boils at 907 degrees Celsius. Zinc deficiency was discovered in 1961. In severe cases, diets lacking in Zinc began to result in adolescent nutritional dwarfism. It is important to have zinc in one’s diet so that the immune system can properly work. Zinc is also important in cell division, cell growth, the healing of wounds, and for senses of smell and taste. So lack of Zinc also affects those aspects of health as well as increasing chances of offspring with retardation. Don’t worry though, it’s hard to have Zinc deficiency. It’s in the air, water(water that we drink), and small amounts in most food. It’s used in metal coating to protect against rust as well. Too much Zinc can lead to pancreas and kidney damage. One of the most common elements in the Earth’s crust is Zinc. In complete metallic form, it is bluish-white and shiny. In powder form, Zinc is highly explosive, especially in damp places. It is often mixed to make brass and bronze. (Anne Richardson)


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Gallium
Galluim a silvery soft metal has the atomic number 31. At room temperature it will melt in-hand. At low temperatures elemental Gallium is a very brittle solid. It is used quite often in semiconductors within a compound state. Take for example Gallium arsenide which is used within microwave circuitry. It is also used within lasers and LED’s. Abeit about 95% of semiconductors contain at least some trace form of Gallium. Gallium was discovered in 1875 by [|Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudra]however before its’ discovery most of its’ properties had been predicted by [|Dmitri Mendeleev]. Within nature Gallium doesn’t exist in a free form. But, within the Earth’s crust there is a large amount. Although, Gallium is mostly found in its’ +3 oxidation state. With its’ in Gallium salts and radiogallium salts proves that gallium is quite the able element. (Brandon Murray)

Germanium
Germanium, previously predicted in 1871 by Dmitry Mendeleyev, a Russian chemist, was discovered by the German scientist Winkler in 1886 and named after the latin world, Germania, for Germany. It is made up of thirty two protons, thirty two electrons, and forty one neutrons. The atomic mass is 72.61 amu. Classified as a metalloid, Germanium is a solid at room temperature with the melting point of 937.4 °C and the boiling point of 2830 °C. Found in nature, Germanium is a brittle substance with a cubic crystaline structure and a gray color tone. Its most abundant isotope is Germanium-74 at 36.5 percent. Most used as a semiconductor, Germanium is found in transistor and in integrated circuits. Its used as a catalyst and an alloying agent. Germanium is mainly used in the manufacturing of transistors and to make the ingredients of photocells. Germanium is also really useful as an anti-bacteria because it is harmless to mammals; this research is called organo-germanium study. Because of its infrared transparency, Germanium is an important component when it comes to wide-angle lenses and infrared detection equipment. A semi-scarcity, Germanium can be found at 1.5 parts per million. Pure Germanium costs $360 for a hundred grams. (Savannah Bruun)

Arsenic
Arsenic is recognized on the Periodic Table as As number 33. It is very poisonous and is used in insecticides, rat poison and is given to dogs with heart worms. It is a metallic gray semi-metal that appears crystal like with an atomic weight of 74.92160. It is a solid at room temperature.Arsenic was discovered by Albertus Magnus in 1250 AD. It's name comes from the Greek word arsenikos. Arsenic is found in sulfide ores and is one of the products of volcanic eruptions and is obtained fro mispickel. It has four energy levels with two electrons on the first level, eight electrons on the second, 18 electrons on the third and five electrons on the fourth. This is why its electronic configuration is 1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6, 3s^2, 3p^6, 4s^2, 3d^10, 4p^3. This element has eight isotopes. they are As-71who's half life is 2.7 days, As-72 who's half life is 26 hours, As-73 with a half life of 80.3 days, As-74 with a half life of 17.8 days, As-75 which is stable, As-76 with half life of 26.3 hours, As-77 with half life of 39 hours and As 79 who has a half life of 9 minutes. Arsenic is a very dangerous element and has many uses. However one should be careful handling it. (Elsa Stiles)

Selenium
Selenium has the atomic number 34, and an atomic mass of 78.96. This element is abbreviated on the periodic table as Se. By the element being expressed as SE, it makes it easier for scientist to write the element and continue working. It also makes it easy to show when it is bonded with other elements. The element was found in 1817 by Jons Jakob Berzelius, who found it associated with tellurium; which is named for the earth. The word Selene in Greek means moon. It is usually obtained from dusts left after processing copper sulfide ores. However, in recent times the world’s most selenium is produced by the anode muds from electrolytic copper. It is usually recovered by roasting the muds with soda or sulfuric acid. Selenium has two colors which depend on the way that it is found. In powder form, it is red, and in vitreous form it is found black. In the semi-metal form selenium appears to be gray. In the past it was used for steel alloying or in rubber compounding. In recent ages it can be most common to be used in the manufacturing of glass. Selenium is toxic to humans, and this was first noticed in the work industry. (Kaleem Edwards)

Bromine
Bromine is the only liquid element in nonmetallic section. It is a heavy, volatile, mobile, reddish-brown liquid. Also, its vapor has a strong unpleasant odor, and it is very dangerous because it irritates the eyes and throat. When if it spilled on the skin, it produces painful injure. It is a very serious health hazard, the safety precautions are needed when handling it. Its atomic number is 35, and its atomic weight is 79.904. Bromine located in the period 4 of the table and the group 17, which is halogen group. The general Bromine has 35 protons, neutrons, and electrons. It uses for fumigants, flameproofing compounds, dyes, medicines, pesticides, water purification. Also, it has two kinds of isotopes. First, it has natural occurring isotopes which are 7/sup>Br and Br-81, and other kind is the radioisotopes that are Br-72, Br-74, Br-74, Br-75, Br-76, Br-77, Br-78, Br-80, Br- 82, Br- 83, Br-84, and Br-85. (Melissa Sim)

Krypton
Krypton is the thirty sixth element on the periodic table. It is abbreviated Kr with an atomic weight of 83.798. Krypton is a colorless, odorless, non-metallic noble gas; present in the air at one part per million, characterized by its bright green and orange spectrum lines. It has thirty six protons and neutrons. Sir William Ramsey and M.W. Travers in London, England discovered it in 1898. Krypton’s name originated from ‘kryptos’ meaning ‘hidden’ in Greek. Krypton’s most common use is as a filling gas in light bulbs and airport runway lamps. It has sis stable isotopes, which include 78Kr, 80Kr, 82Kr, 83Kr, 84Kr, and 86Kr. In addition, seventeen unstable isotopes are observed. Krypton is produced with the fission of plutonium and uranium and has a half-life of nearly eleven years. There are many uses for Krypton. It may be mixed with argon as fill gas in florescent lamps or combined with xenon to fill incandescent light bulbs. Also, the majority of neon signs use Krypton to operate. Krypton plays an important role in the krypton fluoride laser, which is used in nuclear fission energy research. Krypton is classified as a simple asphyxiate. If inhaled in high concentrations, dizziness, nausea, or even death may occur as side effects. (Adam Philyaw)

Rubidium
The symbol of Rubidium is Rb, and atomic number is 37. It is a soft,and it is silvery – white element of alkali metals group 1. Rubidum is one of the most electropositive and alkaline elements. Rubidum can be liquid at ambient temperature, but on a hot weather meting point is about 40°C. Rubidium was discovered by Robert Busen and Gustav Kirchoff in 1861 spectroscopically. The name rubidium (from the Latin "rubidus" - dark red) was coined for its bright red spectroscopic lines. Rubidium salts were isolated by Bunsen by precipitation from spring waters - along with salts of other Group 1 elements. He was able to separate them and isolated the chloride and the carbonate. He isolated rubidium metal by reducing rubidium hydrogen tartrate with carbon. For additional informations for Rb are Atomic weight is 85.4678, standard state is solid at 298K, the number of group in periodic table is 1, it is in s-block in periodic table, the group name is Alkali metal which is in the metal section. (Mina Park)


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Strontium
Strontium, Sr, is the number 38 element on the periodic table. It was discovered in 1790 by Adair Crawfaord and, named after the Scottish village of Stronian, after been discovered in one of the lead mines. This element has a group number of 2, a period number of 5 and is part of the Alkali Earth metal group—metals found in the first column of the period table-- along with sodium potassium and lithium. Strontium has an Atomic Volume of 33.7cm3/ [|__mol__], a half-life of 28.90 years, a Covalent Radius of 1.91, and its Crystal Structure is cubic face centered. The Electron’s Configuration is1s2 2s2p6 3s2p6d10 4s2p6 5s2 , and has 2 electrons in its first shell, 8 in its second, 18 in the third, 8 in the fourth and, 2 in the last shell. Strontium has an extreme reaction with oxygen and water and, is only found naturally only in compounds with other elements, such as Strontianite and Celestine. The primary use for strontium compounds is in glass for color television. Strontium Chloride is sometimes used in toothpaste for sensitive teeth, Strontium Oxide is sometimes used to improve the quality of pottery glaze and, Strontium Ranelate is used in the treatment of osteoporosis. (Laurel Cummings)

Yttrium
Yttrium is a chemical element with the symbol Y and the atomic number 39. It has been historically classified as a rare earth element, but was never found in nature as a free element. Its only stable isotope, 89Y, is also its only naturally occurring isotope. A new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden was found by a man named Carl Axel Arrhenius, and he named it ytterbite in 1787. In 1789, a discovery of yttimus oxide was found by Johan Gadolin. The new oxide yttria was named by Anders Gustaf Ekeberg and lastly the elemental yttrium was first isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. The most important use of yttrium is in making phosphors, such as the red ones used in television cathode ray tube displays and in LEDs. Other uses include electrodes, electrolytes, electronic filters, lasers, and superconductors; medical applications; and as traces in various materials to enhance their properties. Yttrium has no known biological role, but exposure to yttrium compounds can cause lung disease in humans. Its characteristics are very unique. Yttrium is a soft, silver-metallic, lustrous and highly crystalline transition metal in group 3. Yttrium is used in the production of a large variety of synthetic garnets, and yttria is used to make yttrium iron garnets, which are very effective microwave filters. (Latianna Nichols)

Zirconium
The element Zirconium, number forty on the Periodic table, abbreviated Zr, is a grayish-white metallic element. It has a strong resistance to corrosion when made into an alloy. It is used in things such as surgical tools and explosive primers, or anything that has a high corrosion factor, it can even be cut into jewelry; however, the element Zirconium is mainly used in nuclear reactors. Zirconium has a melting point of about 3000 degrees Fahrenheit and a boiling point of about 8000 degrees Fahrenheit. Zirconium was discovered in 1789 by German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. Because the element Zirconium is very malleable and ductile, it makes it good for manufacturing purposes. In 1925 the element was first mass manufactured in higher purity by two Dutch chemists. Later, in 1941, it was purified by William Justin Kroll from Luxembourg using a much cheaper process. Zirconium also absorbs oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen which is another reason that makes it so good for using in nuclear reactors. Zirconium, at regular temperatures does not do much but performs very well in extreme environments. This element is fairly versatile and useful to humans. It is also fairly abundant in the Earth’s crust although not in large deposits. Zirconium can also be found in S-Type stars, however, for commercial purposes the mineral Zircon can be found on beaches and stream beds which can then be purified to extract Zirconium. (Evan Jones)

Niobium
Nb on the periodic table of the elements is the symbol for Niobium. It’s atomic number is 41. It’s atomic mass is 92.90638(amu). It melts at of 2468 degrees Celsius and the boiling point is 4927 degrees Celsius. Niobium has 52 neutrons and is classified as a transitional metal. Charles Hatchett is known as the discoverer of Niobium, but the complex story of the discovery of this element actually starts with John Winthrop the Younger, the first governor of Connecticut in 1734. He first discovered it and named it columbite. Later, in 1801, Hatchett examined it and renamed it columbium. In 1809, William Wollaston declared it was actually the element tantalum. This caused confusion because the two elements are very similar. After several other observers, Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand finally isolated it as Niobium. The origin of its name is from Niobe, the daughter of the mythical king Tantalus. It is obtained from columbite and pyrochlore. Niobium is not used for a lot. It is used in jewelry and in the field of superconductivity. When used with titanium, it can be magnetic. Niobium is shiny, white, and soft. It’s a metal and it can develop a blue tint when exposed to air at room temperature for a long time. (Anne Richardson)

Molybdenum
The element Molybdenum was found in the middle ages. In 1893, pure molybdenum was first produced. Its common scientific names are sodium molybdate and ammonium molybdate. Molybdenum can be found in the body in small amounts as a mineral. Some important biological functions it is present in are waste processing in the kidneys, development of the nervous system, and production of energy in the cells. Molybdenum’s symbol is Mo and its atomic number is 42. The mass of molybdenum is 95.94. Molybdenum can be commonly found in beans, nuts, liver, grains, and peas. The amount of molybdenum found in plants varies depending on how much is in the soil. Human being need very little molybdenum and can only have trouble of not getting it when they are fed through a tube for a long time, or they have a genetic problem that keeps their body from using the molybdenum taken from food. Tetrathiomolybdate is being tested as a cancer treatment. Molybdenum is known to reduce cooper in the body. Being exposed to molybdenum for long periods of time can cause weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, headaches, and muscle/joint pain. In humans molybdenum is a cofactor of three enzymes. These enzymes are sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase. The recommended dietary allowance of molybdenum is 45 mcg per day for all adults and 50 mcg per day for pregnant women. (Kim Machuca)

Technetium
Technetium’s atomic number is 43, its atomic weight is 97 and ,unlike most elements it has no completely stable isotopes--its most stable isotope has a half-life of 2.11 x 10^5 years (half-life=the amount of time it takes for half of a substance to decay). Its speculated melting point is 2157 degrees Celsius, and its boiling point is 4265 degrees Celsius. Technetium’s existence was predicted/discovered by two Italian scientists, Perrier and Segre, in 1937. It was the first element to ever be artificially produced (named after the Greek word ‘technètos’--meaning artificial’) and it occurs naturally in extremely small amounts (usually in Uranium ore) ,immeasurably so, on earth, but is believed to exist in much larger quantities inside of certain types of stars. Technetium, is silverish-grey in color, and tarnishes gradually when exposed to air. Its state at room temperature is a solid,its density at 293 K is approximately 11.5 grams per cubic centimeter. It is extremely conductible at 11 K and below. Technetium has no real practical uses in the way of societal contributions. Because it can only be created in such minute amounts, this has inhibited studies from being conducted. Therefore any advantages that it could possibly have are basically unknown. (Jessica Bryant)
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Ruthenium
Ruthenium was discovered in 1827 by Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann after they examined residue left from dissolving Platinum from the Ural Mountains. Karl Klaus, who most people consider to be the original discover, determined that this type of metal was impure and possessed a new type of metal. Today, the metal can be found in the Ural Mountains along North and South America. It is a hard, white metal that does not tarnish at room temperature, can be plated by electrodeposition, and is used as a hardener for platinum and palladium. Its atomic number is 44, its weight is 101.07 g, its symbol is Ru, it is the d-block, period 5, and is a precious metal. It is part of the platinum group metals (PGM), which contains ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. Ruthenium is sold at $30 per gram. Its primary use is for electronic industry and also in the chemical industry. It is used for electrical contact and chip resistors. On the chemical side, it is used in chlorine production. Ruthenium is also used in the treatment of eye melanomas. Aside from not having a lot of uses, it is one of the rarest metals on earth. (Alex Recknor)

Rhodium
Rhodium metal has silvery white color. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. It has a high reflectance and is hard. Upon heating when red, it turns to oxide and at higher temperatures turns back to the element. It is a major component of industrial catalytic systems. Rhodium discovered by William Hyde Wollaston in 1803-4 in crude platinum ore from South America. It used for jewelery and also it used in car catalytic conventers, used to clean up exhust gases to some extent as part of catalytic system. Rhodium has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion as an electrical contact material. The additional informations for Rhodium are the Rb weight is 102.9055(2), standard state is solid at 298K, the group number of periodic table is 9, it is in d-block in periodic table, the group name is Precious metal or Platinum group metal which is in metal section. (Mina Park)


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Palladium
(Noelle Pigott)

Silver
Ag stands for Silver. Silver’s atomic number is 47 and has an atomic weight if 107.868. Its melting point Is 961.78 degrees Celsius and its boiling point is 2162 degress Celsius. Silver has been known since ancient times and is even mentioned in Genesis.Slag dumps in Asia Minor indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the United states are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere. It occurs natively in ores such as argentine, horn silver, and copper-nickel. Silver is recovered during electrolytic refining of copper. Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is slightly harder than gold and is ductile and malleable. Silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals and has the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to the ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. Forms of silver are used in jewelry, silverware, and other places for appearance. Silver is very important in photography. Thirty percent of the United States industrial consumption is used in photography. Silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries. It is used in mirror production and can be used on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrode position, or by evaporation. When it has been freshly deposited it is the best reflector of visible light known, but is easily tarnished. It may be a good reflector of visible light but cannot reflect ultraviolent light. Silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain. Silver is also traditionally used in coinage. Whute silver is not toxic but its salts are considered poisonous. Exposure to silver should no exceed 0.01 mg/m.. .Silver can be absorbed into the circulatotu system and cause the skin to have a grayish pigmentation and the muscous membrane. This is known asargyria. (Haley Moseley)

Cadmium
Cadmium- a chemical element on the periodic table labeled Cd with an atomic number of forty-eight. The physical characteristics of the element are as follows: soft and blueish white; it is also characterized as a metal and is similar to Zinc and Mercury. It is similar to zinc because of its oxidation state and similar to mercury because of its low melting point. The average concentration of this element in the earth’s crust is around 0.1 to 0.5 parts per million. It was discovered by Stromeyer and Hermann in Germany, and what is fascinating is that they discovered it simultaneously! Cadmium occurs in zinc ores as a fragment of a component, and for well over the first decade of its discovery it was used as a pigment or a “corrosion resistant plating” on steel. Aside from some appliances in the current 21st century, cadmium batteries and cadmium solar panels, the use of cadmium is decreasing for its toxicity. One interesting fact about Cadmium is that in June of 2010, McDonald’s had to recall more than 12 million “Shrek Forever” drinking glasses because of the dangerously high level of Cadmium in the pigment of the paint. My element is really cool. (Matt Banther)

Indium
Indium’s, the 49th element on the periodic table of elements, symbol is In. It is named after the indigo part of the spectrum. It was discovered in 1863 by Reich and Richter. Frequently associated with zinc metals like gallium and aluminum yet it is found in iron, lead and copper. It is a soft silvery metal that wets glass. When bent in its purest form it gives out a loud cry. It is used to make bearing alloys, [|germanium] transistors, rectifiers, thermostats, and photoconductors. If indium is used to create a mirror it would have the same effect as if it was made with silver but it would be more resistant to atmospheric conditions. Indium is also used in touch screen technology and forming transparent electrodes from tin oxide in liquid crystal displays like calculators and old fashion alarm clocks. Indium is created when a cadmium atom collects enough neurons and then undergoes beta decay, similar to how stars are created. It takes years to fully complete the S-Process. Research shows that there is approximately 6,000 tonnes on the Earth and with each year there is a little e bit more. In small doses indium can increase ones metabolism but in to much it can damage heart kidney and liver. (Demi Ikaiddi)

Tin
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using the element tin (Sn) for at least 5500 years. Tin is primarily obtained from the mineral cassiterite and is extracted by roasting cassiterite in a furnace with carbon. Tin makes up about 0.001% of the Earth's crust and is chiefly mined in Malaysia. Tin can be melted at 231.93 ° C, and boiled at 2602 °C. The element tin has an atomic number of 50, and atomic weight 118.710 amu. Its density is 7.287 grams per cubic centimeter. At room temperature tin is a solid. Tin is amalleable, ductile, and highly crystaline silvery-white metal. Tin is one of the “main ingredient” in the production of pewter. Did you know? A tinplate canister (made from the element tin) for preserving food was first manufactured in London in 1812. (Lydia Hanson)

Antimony
Antimony' s symbol is Sb and its atomic weight is 121.760. As atomic number, it has 51 protons. Anti means oppose to something in Greek and monos means solitude. Antimony is really brittle and soft metal and has crystalline texture. Also, Antimony is divided by metal and nonmetal. When it is existed as metallic state, it forms hard and brittle, but it forms a grey powder for non metallic state. It has blue and white colors, and has poor conductor of heat and electricity. The discovery of Antimony is unknown. It is used to harden lead, plastics, and chemicals. Since this element is discovered and known from ancient time, people were able to find it in nature. For health effects of antimony, people can suffer exposure of breathing from antimony dusts, and long time exposure can cause eye, skin and lung problems. It also can be found in soils, and it is one of reason for water pollution. Antimony exists as two stable isotopes that one has seventy neutrons and the other one has seventy two neutrons. Lastly, its melting point is 630 Celsius and it boils at 1750 Celsius. (Eunji Baek)

Tellurium Discovered by Muller Von Reichenstein in 1782 and he isolated it in 1798. Tellurium is found in nature but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite). Crystalline tellurium has a silvery-white appearance and when it is pure it has a metallic luster. It is brittle and easily pulverized. It is toxic and should be handled with care. Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel. Also if added to lead it improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium costs $100/lb, with a purity of about 99.5%. The atomic number is 52, the atomic symbol is Te, and the atomic mass is 127.6. (Tyler Wylie)

Iodine
Iodine originates from the word iôdes, which is violet in Greek. The element Iodine is the 53rd element on the periodic table, and it is classified as a halogen. Its atomic number is 53, with an atomic mass of 126.90447, and it has an atomic weight of 126.90447. It has 53 Protons and Electrons and 74 Neutrons. Iodine also has 23 isotopes known; however, only one stable isotope is found in nature, which is I-127. Iodine was discovered in 1811 by Bernard Courtois in France. It can be found in seawaters and in seaweed in “Chilean saltpeter and nitrate-bearing earth, brackish waters from salt wells and oil wells, and in brines from old sea deposits.” It is a shiny, black, nonmetallic solid. Iodine can volatize at room temperature into a violet-blue gas with a strong, irritating smell. Iodine is also slightly soluble in water. Iodine has uses in the human body. It can be used to treat thyroid disorders; if there is lack of iodine in one’s diet, he/she can have a goiter (which is an enlargement of the thyroid gland). Additionally, in combination with Potassium, Iodine can clean and disinfect external wounds. Lastly, Iodine is also used in Photography. (Brittany Sullivan)

Xenon
Xenon is an odorless, colorless, tasteless gas that was discovered by Sir Ramsay in 1898. It was considered inert until 1962 when Neil Barlett discovered that xenon and platinum hexafluoride synthesis into xenon hexafluoroplatinate. Despite being a common place word among lights, that is the extent of its use. It is used in strobe lights, photographic flash lamps, motion picture projector lamps and ultraviolent light projectors. One of its more common uses is for vehicle headlights and fog lights since they project a vibrant blue light, are able to illuminate stop signs and other various high way signs, and are suppose to be less tiring on the eyes. Its atomic number is 54, mass is 131.29 grams, it is located in the p block in period 5, and is a noble gas. If inhaled, xenon can cause dizziness, vomiting, nausea, loss of consciousness and in some cases even death. Xenon is a non-toxic chemically inert gas and as such has no effect on the environment. Xenon occurs in the atmosphere, but it can be obtained through industrial liquid-air plants. The blue color given off by car headlights is obtained by having xenon in a glass tube that is excited by an electrical discharge. (Alex Recknor)

Cesium
Cesium is one of the key components in atomic clocks. Cesium has 133 atoms that don't wear out with use. And cesium is the biggest helper in keeping accuracy with tracking world time. The melting point of cesium is 28.5 C. The boiling point of cesium is 671 C. Cesium is a metal. The richest source of cesium can be found in the Bernic Lake, Manitoba. The element was first discovered in 1860 in mineral water by Bunsen and Kirchhoff. It contains bright colors sometimes blue, red, yellow, or green wave lengths. At room temperature cesium is a liquid. The atomic number of cesium is 55. It can be isolated by electrolysis of the fused cyanide and by a number of other methods. The metal has recently found application in ion propulsion systems. Its chief compounds are the chloride and the nitrate. Cesium can be prepared by thermal decomposition of cesium azide. It is the most electropositive and most alkaline element. There are only three metals that are liquids at room temperature they are Cesium, Gallium, and Mercury. Cesium is a great affinity for oxygen so it is used in radio quite often. It is also used in photelectric cells. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water. (DyAngelo Washington)

Barium
Barium originates from the word barys, which is dense or heavy in Greek. The element barium is the 56th element on the periodic table, and It is classified as a alkaline earth metal. Its atomic number is 56, with an atomic mass of 137.327, and an atomic weight of 137.327. It has 56 Protons and 81 Neutrons. Barium has 16 isotopes; Barium has seven stable isotopes and thirteen radioactive isotopes that are known to exist. Barium was discovered in 1808 by sir Humphrey Davy. Barium is a silvery-white metal that can be found in the environment, where it exists naturally. It can be combined with other chemicals, such as [|sulfur], [|carbon]or [|oxygen]. Barium is often used for spark-plug electrodes in vacuum tubes as a “getter”. It is also used in fluorescent lamps. Barium compounds are also used in drying mud, paint, bricks, tiles, glass, and rubber. Another interesting fact about barium is that when it is barium nitrate and chlorate, it can give fireworks a green color. Barium can also be found in soils and in food, such as nuts, seaweed, fish and certain plants. Barium is not usually hazardous if it is inhaled or if little portions are found in food, but it can be an issue if you work in the barium industry, maybe leading to death or someone being paralyzed. (Brittany Sullivan)

Lanthanum
La is the abbreviation of Lanthanum.Lanthanum was discovered in 1839 by Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander. Lanthanum is a kind of soft element. therefore this element can be easy to destroy. It is one of the most reactive of the rare-earth metals. there is new fact that cold water attacks lanthanum slowly, and hot water attacks it much more rapidly. The metal reacts directly with elemental carbon, nitrogen, boron, selenium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and with halogens. (Sean Yoo)


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Cerium
The element Cerium was discovered in 1803 by W. Von Hisinger and takes it’s name from Ceres which is an astreroid. Its atomic number is fifty-eight on the Periodic table and is a soft silver-looking element. Like Zirconium, Cerium is ductile and malleable which makes it good for use in manufacturing in alloys and oxides. Cerium is also the most common Rare-Earth element and is found in the Earth’s crust. One of Cerium’s main commercial uses is for low-carbon emissions catalytic converters in vehicles. Cerium Oxide is commonly added to diesel fuel also for reduced carbon emissions. Cerium is also used in oxides for self cleaning ovens and for use in petroleum refining. In addition, Cerium is used in carbon-arc lights which are used for studio and projector lighting in the film industry. If scratched Cerium will ignite, however, when combined with other elements Cerium is stable. Cerium, being one of the most abundant elements in the make-up of Earth’s crust, is widely used in manufacturing and industry as oxides and combined with other minerals. It is a relatively unknown element, however, it is and important element in the make-up of our earth and also in many industries. (Evan Jones)

Praseodymium
Praseodymium is a malleable and ductile silver colored metal. It is used in making cigarette lighters,as a material for carbon arcs in studio lighting. it's salts are used to color enamel and glasses. Praseodium is used as a colorant in welders goggles. It is silver in color, malleable and ductile. it developes a green oxide coaating when exposed to air as a result of corrosion. (Elsa Stiles)

**Neodymium**
Neodymium (Nd) was named in 1885 by Austrian chemist Carl von Welsbach, who fractionated it away from didymium (originally thought to be an element but actually a mixture of rare-earth metals consisting largely of neodymium, praseodymium, and cerium).Its atomic number is 60, atomic mass is 144.24 amu. Neodymium is a yellowish metallic metal used in coloring glass, salts and can be used in lasers. Neodymium metal dust can be easily combusted and be an explosion hazard. Its compounds, as with all rare earth metals, are of low to moderate toxicity; however its toxicity has not been thoroughly investigated. Neodymium dust and salts are very irritating to the eyes, and moderately irritating to skin. Breathing the dust can cause lung problems, and accumulated exposure damages the liver. Neodymium also acts as an anticoagulant (helps to keep blood clots from forming), especially when given directly in the vien. (Lydia Hanson)

Promethium
Promethium is a chemical element that is noted for being one of the only other radioactive elements besides Technetium. Promethium’s existence was first predicted by Bohuslav Brauner in 1902. His research on rare earth elements is what led him to this and he was supported by Henry Moseley in 1914. At the time there was no element with an atomic number of 61, and so a total dispatch of scientist set out to predict and find the rare element. The first claim of discovery on the element was by Italian researchers Luigi Rolla and Lorenzo Fernandes, but at the same time researchers from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Smith Hopkins and Len Yntema. The first real Promethium element was produced in 1945 by several scientists in the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Promethium is used in such things as gauges and a light source for signals and waves, but it is also used as a nuclear battery in which cells convert. The atomic weight is 144 and the atomic number is 61; it is classified as extremely rare and its “Discovery” is mainly credited to: J.A Marinsky. (Matthew Banther)

**Samarium** The element Samarium (Sm) was discovered by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Switzerland in 1853. It was isolated in France in 1879 by a French chemist Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. It was named after a Russian mine official named Colonel Samarski. Samarium is a compound of monazite and bastnaesite. Samarium is classified as an element in the Lanthanide series as one of the Rare Earth Elements, which is located in the group 3 elements of the Periodic Table and in the 6th and 7th periods. The Rare Earth Elements are divided into the Lanthanide and Actinide series. The elements in the Lanthanide series closely resemble lanthanum and themselves and in their chemical and physical properties. Their compounds are used as catalysts in the production of petroleum and synthetic products. The element contains sixty-two protons and electrons and eighty-eighty neutrons. Its crystal structure is rhombohedral. Samarium is a silvery or pale gray metallic rare-earth element used as a substance in laser materials, in infrared absorbing glass, as a neutron absorber in certain nuclear reactors, and in alloys with cobalt. Some examples of objects we use in our daily lives are headphones and magnets; in science, carbon-arc lighting and optical lasers. (Chris Kelly)

Europium
Er is the symbol for Europium. It was discovered in the year 1901 by Eugene Demarcay, but the pure metal wasn’t discovered until recent years. The word europium comes from Europe. It is mainly used to produce RED color in televisions screens. It is man-made. This element has a atomic number of 63, which means it has 63 protons and electrons. The atomic mass is 151.964 amu. The melting point of europium is 822.0 degrees Celsius or 1511.6 degrees Fahrenheit and the boiling point is 1597.0 degrees Celsius or 2906.6 degrees Fahrenheit. This element has 89 neutrons and is classified as a rare earth. The crystal structure of this element is cubic and its density @ 293 K is 5.259 g/cm3. The color of europium is silver. This rare earth ignites in air at about 150 to 180 degrees Celsius. It is hard as lead and its ductile. It’s the most reactive of the rare earth metals. Its reactive chemically and decomposes in cold water slowly. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B. Many people say it resembles calcium in its reaction in water. The isotopes of europium are Eu-147, Eu-148, Eu-149, Eu-150, Eu-151, Eu-152, Eu- 152m, Eu-153, Eu-154, Eu-155, and Eu-156. (Ky Atkinson)

Gadolinium
Gadolinium was founded by Jean Charles Galissard de Margnac, a swiss chemist, who studied spectroscopic lines, however, it is named after Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist and geologist. It has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any other known element today. It has a silvery-white color to it, and is very attracted to magnets, which is known as a ferromagnetic element. When it is near a magnetic field, the temperature around it increases, whereas if it leaves a magnetic field, the temperature drops. It easily stays in its complete form when it is surrounded by dry air, but when it is in moist air, it falls apart into many different pieces. It reacts slowly when it is in cold water, fast with warm water to create gadolinium hydroxide (2 Gd + 6 H2O → 2 Gd(OH)3 + 3 H2), and is able to dissolve in dilute acid. Its absorption of nuetrons is great, and is used for shielding in nuetron reactors. Gadolinium has no primary purpose, but instead, it has multiple special uses. It helps to find and locate tumors in neutron therapy by showing the obvious differences from the normal tissues to the abnormal tissues throughout our bodies and brains. On the contrary of helping, it is also and element used in the creation of burnable poison. (Carlye Reynolds)

Terbium
Terbium is a rare earth element existing in the periodic table under the Lanthanide series and is element number 65. Terbium is silvery white and was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander, who also discovered erbium and lanthanum. Terbium is malleable and ductile and can be cut with sharp objects. Terbium is rare and expensive, and does not have many commonplace uses. S ome minor uses are in lasers, semiconductor devices, and phosphorous in colour television tubes. "It is also used in solid-state devices, as stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at high temperature.It is never found in nature as free element, but is is contained in many minerals. The most important ore are monazite, bastnasite and cerite." The main mining areas are China, USA, India, Sri Lanka, Brazil and Australia and reserves fo terbium are estimated to be around 300 tons, and about 10 tons are produced yearly. The density of terbium 8.3 g.cm-3 at 20°C, the melting point is 1360 °C and the boiling point is 3041 °C. (Daniel Dorough)

Dysprosium
Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. A man by the name of Lecoq de Boisbaudran first discovered Dysprosium in the year 1886. However, he did not find it isolated, meaning by itself. He discovered that Dysprosium usually was paired with other elements such as xenotime and polycrase. It was not until the year 1950 that Dysprosium was found in a relatively pure form. Dysprosium is a rare earth element that has a metallic silver luster. It is a strange element because it is a metal that is soft enough to be cut by a knife. It has an atomic weight of 162.50 g-mol -1. Dysprosium has 7 common isotopes which are 156 Dy, 158Dy, 160 Dy, 161 Dy, 162 Dy, 163 Dy, and 164 Dy. Dysprosium is one of two elements that have the highest magnetic strength out of all the elements along with holmium. Since Dysprosium is a soft metal it’s metal tarnishes slowly in air, and from that it burns and turns into dysprosium oxide. Also, because Dysprosium is highly susceptible to magnetization, they are used to create many different electronic data storage systems, like hard disks. Dysprosium is very dangerous as well. When the powder is mixed with air, and ignition source is present it can cause an explosion. Also, because Dysprosium can can react with water and produce a flammable hydrogen gas, water can not be used to put it out. (Kai Payne)


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Holmium
Holmium has the atomic 67, and an atomic mass of 164.93. The abbreviation for Holmium is Ho. It is expressed in this form on the periodic table and in other experiment, since it makes it simpler to write. The spectral absorption bands of this element were first noticed in 1878 by two Swiss chemists, Marc Delafontaine and Jacques-Louis Soret. At the time they called Holmium, Element X, because the element was previously unknown. Later on a scientist Per Teodor Cleve discovered the element while working on erbia earth. Cleve had removed all of the known substances in erbia, and resulted in having two new materials. The brown material he found was Holmia which was named after his native town. Holmium is not usually found as a free element, it is usually found in gadolinite, monazite and other rare earth minerals. The most common mining area where it can be found are China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka and Australia. It has been believed that it may raise one’s metabolism. Pure holmium has a metallic to bright silver luster. It is commonly soft and malleable. It is stable in dry air at room temperature, but rapidly oxidizes in moist air. The element has low acute toxic ratings. Due to the availability of Holmium it costs about $500.00 per pound and $1.50 per gram. (Kaleem Edwards)

Erbium
Erbium is a rare earth element (a pure or mixed oxide of a metal) existing in the periodic table under the Lanthanide series and is element number 68. Erbium usually has a grayish-silver tint with pink spots. The element is mainly used in signal repeaters that are in long-distance telephone communications. Discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander, who also discovered terbium and lanthanum, it was confused with his former discovery and was named "terbia", because of their similar appearance. Pure erbium is malleable and soft. Erbium has been discovered in the body as having small amounts in bone structure and stimulates metabolism. It has been noted that erbium is often a byproduct of nuclear fission. The density of erbium is 9.06 g.cm 3 at 20°C, the melting point is 1529 °C, and the boiling point is 2868 °C. (Daniel Dorough)

Thulium
Thulium, Tm, is the number 69 element on the periodic table. It was discovered in in 1879 by Swedish chemist Per Tedor Cleve. This element has an Atomic Weight of 168.93421, a period number of 6 and is part of the Lanthanide group. Carbon has an Atomic Volume of 18.1 cm3/mol, a Electron’s Configuration is 1s2 2s2p6 3s2p6d10 4s2p6d10f13 5s2p6 6s22 and has 2 electrons in its first shell, 8 in its second, 18 in the third, 31 in the fourth, 8 in the fifth and 2 in the last. Pure thulium metal has a bright, silvery shine. It is stable in air, but should be away from moisture. The metal is soft, malleable, and spongy. Thulium is never found in nature in pure form, and is found in small quantities in mineral. It is principally extracted from ores found in river sands, through ion exchange. The metal can be isolated through reduction of its oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction in a closed container. None of thulium's natural compounds are commercially important. Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment.

(Laurel Cummings)

Ytterbium
Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb, and the atomic number 70. Ytterbium has an atomic weight of 173.04 g-mol. Also, Ytterbium has 70 protons and electrons. Ytterbium is a soft, silvery/white, metallic element that like dysprosium and other elements is a rare earth element. Ytterbium is found in minerals such as xenotime. It reacts quickly when attacked by acid and dissolves. Also, it slowly with water, and like plutonium oxidizes in the air. This element has a melting point of 824 degrees Celsius, and a boiling point of 1196 degrees Celsius. Due to its melting point and boiling point Ytterbium has a narrower liquid range than any other metal. Ytterbium is composed of seven common isotopes which are: Yb-168, Yb-170, Yb-171,Yb-172,Yb-173, Yb-174, and Yb-176. Ytterbium was discovered by a Swiss chemist names Jean Charles Gallisard de Marignac in 1878. Ytterbium was actually used as a radiation source for X-ray’s when electricity was not available, and some of Ytterbium’s alloys are used in dentistry. Also, Ytterbium is also used to strengthen stainless steal. Ytterbium is not as dangerous as some elements, but it can cause skin and eye irritation, and has even been said to cause birth defects. (Kai Payne)


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Lutetium
Lutetium is the 71st element on the periodic table, and is a metal. It is found in small amounts with other rare elements. It is very hard to separate Lutetium from the other rare elements, and requires an ionization process. Because of its rarity and high value, its commercial applications are extremely limited. However, it can be used with nuclear technology to determine the age of meteorites It has no biological role. Its electrons fill the 5d1 energy level. It is a solid at 298 degrees Kelvin, its melting point is 1925 degrees Kelvin, and Lutetium boils at 3675 degrees Kelvin. It tarnishes slowly in air and burns steadily at 150 degrees Celsius. It is usually found close to yttrium deposits. It is silvery white, and mostly stable in air. It is one of the most costly elements to refine at about 75 dollars per gram. Not much is known about Lutetium, but it is thought to have a low toxicity like most other metals. Lutetium is primarily refined via an ion exchange process that uses monazite sand . Some of its isotopes can be used as a catalyst in polymerization and hydrogenation, and some can even be used in the cracking of petroleum products. (Dillon Finlay)

Hafnium
Hf stands for Hafnium. Hafnium is a tetravalent transition metal which chemically resembles zirconium. Hafnium has an atomic number of 72 and an atomic weight of 178.9. Hafnium will melt at 2233 °C and will boil at 4603 °C. In the late 1800's and early 1900's, gaps were discovered in the table of elements which led to extensive searching for the missing elements. Dimitri Mendeleev was the first to predict that hafnium was in existence in 1869 by stating that there was probably a more heavy version of zirconium. Georges Urbain first stated that he had discovered element 72 in rare earth elements in 1907. Hafnium is used as parts of several alloys, in nuclear reactors, and on thrust nozzles of spacecrafts. (Jamie Crotts)

Tantalum
Tantalum was discovered in Sweden in 1802 by Anders Ekeburg tantalum is very conduct able to heat and electricity the metal is known for its resistance to corrosion by acids. Tantalum exists in two crystalline phases, alpha and beta. Tantalum forms oxides with the oxidation states +5 (Ta 2 O 5 ) and +4 (TaO 2 )7.Ta (0.012%) and 181 Ta (99.988%). 181 Ta is a stable isotope. Their are many types of Tantalum only some are used for raw materials by industries. The most mining for tantalum is in Australia. The major use for tantalum as the metal powder is in the production of electronic component's mainly capacitors and so high power resistors tantalum is also used to produce a variety of alloys that have high melting points.alloyed with other metals is used in making carbine tolls for metal working equipment and in the production of supper alloys for jet engine component's, chemical processing equipment , nuclear reactors, and missile parts.because of the ductility tantlum can be drawn into fine wires of filaments, which are used for evaporating metals such as Aluminium. Tantalum is inert aginst most acids except hydrofluoric acid and hot sulfuric acid at over 90c. Like most of the other refractory metals the hardest compound. (Keefe Boys)

Tungsten
Tungsten is a silver transition metallic solid with an atomic number of 74. It is a grayish or whitish metal that is soft enough to be cut which can become very brittle when contaminated with other materials. The electronic configuration for Tungsten is 1s2 2s2p6 3s2p6d10 4s2p6d10f14 5s2p6d4 6s2. Tungsten is symbolized as ‘W’ from its German name ‘Wolfram’ which comes from the mineral wolframite which is where Tungsten was discovered. It has an atomic weight of 183.84, a melting point of 3422°C and a boiling point of 5555°C. This is the highest boiling point of all metallic elements. The word ‘tungsten’ comes from two Swedish words ‘tung sten’ which mean ‘heavy stone’. Tungsten has 6 energy levels; 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, and 2. It also has 10 isotopes; W-180, W181, W-182, W-183, W-184, W-185, W-185m, W-186, W-187, and W-188; however, none of these isotopes are stable. Tungsten is used in cutting tools, rocket engine nozzles and cars. It also makes phosphors when it is combined with calcium or magnesium. Tungsten was discovered in 1783 by two Spanish brothers named Fausto and Juan José de Elhuijar. They made Tungsten by crushing and cleaning tungsten ores. Then they treated the tungsten ores with alkalis which formed tungsten trioxide. Then they heated is with carbon or hydrogen gas which then formed tungsten metal and carbon dioxide or tungsten metal and water vapor. This method of making tungsten is still used today. (Alyssa Chin)

Rhenium
Rhenium is a metal that is similar to platinum, iridium, and osmium. Its melting point is 3186 C. Its boiling point is 5596 C. By examining 660 kg's of molybdenite Noddack, Tacke, and Berg extracted 1 gram of rhenium, in 1928. Rhenium is a compound that is formed by many minerals. Now rhenium is being produced in the US. Rhenium is a mixture of two stable isotopes. Rhenium is like a shiny white metal. Scientists aren't very familiar with rhenium so the toxicity levels are unknown. Rhenium is a catalyst that removes nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous to hydrogenate chemicals. Like cesium rhenium doesn't wear very easy its a strong metal. The atomic weight of rhenium is 186. Natural rhenium is a mixture of two stable isotopes. Rhenium is prepared by reducing perrhenate with hydrogen at elevated temperatures. Rhenium is one of the most dense elements the only three elements platinum, iridium, and osmium. Rhenium is also used as an electrical contact material as it has good wear resistance and withstands corrosion. 100 tons of rhenium is the estimated free world range of the element. In 1925 rhenium was detected in platinum ores. Thermal methods also are commonly used to produce potassium. (DyAngelo Washington)

**Osmium** The atomic number for osmium is 76 and its symbol is Os. It is in group 8 and period 6. Osmium is a transition metal. Its atomic radius is 1.92, and it’s atomic volume 8.49 centimeters cubed. The atomic mass is 190.23. It has 114 Neutrons and 76 protons. It is either a fine black powder or a hard blue- gray mass that has a pungent color. Osmium was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tenant. It is used in the tips in gold pin points, instruments pivots, and electrical light filaments. It is also used for high temperature alloys and pressure bearings. Osmium’s boiling point is 5012 degrees Celsius and 9054 degrees Fahrenheit and its melting point is 3045.0 degrees Celsius and 9080.0 degrees Fahrenheit. It is produced as a by- product of nickel refining. Annual worldwide production is around 0.06 tons. Osmium’s name origin is Greek deriving from osmê. It’s valence electron potential is 91.4. The shorthand of the electron configuration of Osmium is 1s 2 2s 2 p 6 3s 2 p 6 d 10 4s 2 p 6 d 10 f 14 5s 2 p 6 d 6 6s 2. Osmium contains 6 energy levels with these electrons per energy level: 2, 8, 18, 31, 14, 2. It is obtained from ores that contain platinum. The crystal structure is hexagonal. The half life for the isotopes in Osmium are stable for 184 isotopes. (Christina Burch)

Iridium
Ir is the abbreviation of iridium. an atomic number of iridium is 77. atomic weight is 192.217.Iridium is white, similar to platinum, but with a slight yellowish cast. This element can help to make a machine really harder.Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant metal known it is not attacked by almost any acid, aqua ,regia, molten metals or silicates at high temperatures. (Sean Yoo)


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Platinum
(Christina Burch)

Gold
(Dee Washington)

Mercury
Hydrargyrum is a chemical element that has the symbol Hg and is also known as mercury and atomic number is 80. Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure. The only other element that is liquid is under these conditions is bromine. It has a melting point of -38.83 c and a boiling point of356.73c mercury is used in thermometers ,barometers, manometers ,sphygmomanometers,float valves, some electical switches, and other scientific apparatus. mercury is poor conductor of heat but a fair conductor of electricity. It has a unique electronic configureation where electrons fill up all the available 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d and 6s subshell. Mercury is an extremely rare element in the Earth's crust, having an average crustal abundance by mass of only 0.08 parts per million (ppm).However, because it does not blend geochemically with those elements that constitute the majority of the crustal mass, mercury ores can be extraordinarily concentrated considering the element's abundance in ordinary rock. The richest mercury ores contain up to 2.5% mercury by mass and even concentrated deposits are at least 1% mercury. (Keefe Boys)

Thallium
(Carlye Reynolds)

Lead
Lead, whose symbol is Pb standing for Plumbum, is the 82 element on the Periodic Table of Elements. It’s soft, malleable and naturally white. It cannot conduct electricity well but its main use is in construction, bullets and batteries. In the chapter of Exodus in the bible it was believed that lead was the oldest metal on earth, being connected to Saturn. It is created by roasting Galena, the purest form of iron. It is used as a sound absorber, radiation shield around X-Ray equipment and nuclear reactors. I can be used to absorb vibration White lead, the basic carbonate, sublimed white lead, chrome yellow, and other lead compounds were used in paints used in homes until the health risks were discovered. Lead oxides are used to produces fine glass to create achromatic lens. Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes. Lead isotopes are the end products of naturally occurring radioactive elements. Twenty-seven other forms of lead are recognized as radioactive. Any consumption of lead by humans/animals causes damage to the nervous system, brain disorders and blood disorders. Lead is potent with neurotoxins, toxins that affect the neurons, which causes it to accumulate in soft tissue and in bone. (Udeme Ikaiddi)

Bismuth
Bismuth was confused with tin and lead, because of the similarities to those elements. Not having any founder, Bismuth has been known from ancient times. Artificial bismuth was used as an actual metal, by hammering tin into thin plates, and cementing them by a mixture of white tartar, saltpeter, and arsenic over an open fire. During the time of the Incas, bismuth was used in a special bronze alloy for knives. On the Periodic Table of Elements Bismuth, is expressed with Bi and has an atomic number of 83, located in the p-block, and with an atomic weight of 208.98040. Bismuth has a boiling point of 1564 degrees Celsius and a melting point of 271.52 degrees Celsius. It is a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It is the most diamagnetic off all metals and has the second lowest thermal conductivity other than Mercury. Bismuth has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest hall effect of any metal, which means it has the highest electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field. Bismuth is also considered to be the last naturally occurring stable, non-radioactive element in the periodic table as well. Some of the ways Bismuth is used today are in cosmetics, medicines, and medical procedures. And with the toxicity of lead in recent years, alloy uses for bismuth metal as a replacement for lead; which makes bismuth play a bigger role commercially. Other ways that bismuth is the for a pigment in artists’ oil and acrylic paint, in dense material for fishing sinkers, and as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. (Kevin Mbundu)

Polonium
Polonium has an atomic number of 28 and an atomic mass of 209. Its melting point is at 254 degrees Celsius and its boiling point is 962 degrees Celsius. It is a silvery gray, extremely rare, low melting, fairly volatile, radioactive metal. Polonium is also called Radium F. It was discovered in 1898 in Paris France, and It was the first element discovered by Marie Curie, a Polish chemist. It was named after Maries Curie’s home county, Poland. Polonium is an extremely rare natural element. It occurs in pitchblende from decay of bismuth. Pitchblende is a material containing uranium. Polonium was discovered after Curie noticed that the unrefined pitchblende was more radioactive than the uranium that was separated from it. This allowed her to know that there had to be at least one other radioactive element involved. Hence, the discovery of polonium and also radium was possible. Polonium is produced by attacking Bismuth, the parent of polonium, with neutrons inn a nuclear reactor. Polonium may be prepared by using high neutron fluxes of nuclear reactors. It is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 138.39 days. It can be used as a lightweight heat source for thermoelectric power in space satellites, it can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a large source of neutrons, it can be used to reduce static electricity, and also it can be used on brushes for removing dust from photographic films. There are 25 known isotopes for polonium, the most common being polonium 210. Less than a 100 grams are produced each year. (Haley Moseley)

Astatine
Astatine is the heaviest of the halogens. It is a very unstable radioactive element. It is a product of decay from uranium and thorium. Its atomic number is eighty five; it has eighty five protons and eighty five electrons. It also has 125 neutrons. Astatine’s atomic mass is two hundred ten. Its density is unknown, its color is unknown and its crystal structure is unknown. It was discovered in 1940. This element was manmade. Its name comes from the Latin root astatos which means unstable. D.R Corson. This is a rare element so it does not have almost any uses but it is believed it can be used for medicine. It is in group seventeen and experiments can’t be done on this element because it has such a short life span. All its isotopes are radioactive. Some people believe astatine is like iodine and it would act like it. That would mean that it can treat certain diseases in the thyroid gland in your neck. But even though can help get rid of diseases it could pose serious health issues due to it radioactivity. Also as far as it combing with something else it does not; it has no commercial uses. (Gamal Hossack)

Radon
Radon is the 86th element on the periodic table, and is found in noble gas form at room temperature. Its outermost electron shell is in the 6p6 energy level. Radon freezes at negative 71 degrees Celsius, and boils at negative 18 degrees Celsius. It is poisonous to humans, and lately there have been Radon leaks in houses. They have started testing houses for Radon poisoning. It occurs naturally in some spring waters. Everyday applications of Radon include earthquake detection, radiation therapy in hospitals, and other occasional therapeutic use. It is estimated that for every square mile of soil, there is one gram of Radon. You cannot see, smell, or taste radon, but it is very dangerous: It causes CANCER. It is in many things we use (like bottled water) and it causes cancer. Children are more sensitive to Radon, possibly because the rate at which their cells divide, along with their respiration rate, is much greater than that of an adult. Other than the radiation therapy, Radon has nearly no uses. Its most common isotope is radon-220. Radon is the heaviest known mononuclear gas at 298 K. It is rare in nature, not chemically active, and will not bond with other elements. (Dillon Finlay)

Francium
Francium’s symbol is Fr. Its atomic number is 87 and mass is 223. It was discovered in 1939 by Marguerite Perey from the curie institute in Paris France. It is the heaviest alkali metal and is extremely rare. It occurs naturally in uranium materials. It naturally forms with the disintegration of actinium. It’s the most unstable element out of the first 101. It is the last naturally discovered element rather than being created in a lab. There are 33 isotopes. The oldest isotope recorded, Francium-223, has a half-life of 22 min. Some traces of francium are found in uranium and thorium ores. Since Francium is so unstable, it is not used in everyday life but usually in research for different fields of biology and atomic structure. (Udeme Ikaiddi)

Radium
(Brandon Murray)

Thorium
(Darrius Woody) Thorium (Th) has an atomic number of 90 which means it had 90 protons and elections with 142 neutrons. It also has an atomic mass of 232.0381 amu. It is in the actinide family. Thorium’s melting point is 3182 degrees Farenheit, boiling point of 8654 degrees F. This element has a sort of cubic structure. It was discovered in 1828 by a man named Berzelius in Sweden. It is a silvery white, soft, metal which can be bent, shaped or welded easliy. Thorium is also soluble in acids and can can react with oxygen slowly at room temperature.

Protactinium
Protactinium is symbolized by Pa on the periodic table. it has an atomic number of 91 and its most abundant isotope is 231 Pa. Protactinium is the result of uranium decay. there are currently no uses for Protactinium. Protactinium comes from the Greek words for "first beam elements". the largest amount of Protactinium was only 125 grams after processing 60 tons of waste material. (Jonathan McCracken)

Uranium
Uranium is symbolized by U on the periodic table of the elements. It’s atomic number is 92(92 protons and electrons) and it has 146 neutrons. Its atomic mass is 238.0289(amu). Uranium has a melting point of 1132 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 3818 degrees Celsius. It was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth. He named it Uranium after the planet Uranus. It can be obtained from a variety rocks; large amounts are found in pitchblende and carnotite. It can be very harmful through radioactivity which can lead to several kinds of cancer. Uranium’s physical appearance is white and dense. It is quite malleable and reactive. It reacts with nearly all of the nonmetallic elements and dissolves in acids. When in air, it tarnishes with oxide. It also ignites when covered in powder. It is mainly used for fuel of nuclear power plants. The use of depleted Uranium in missiles has resulted in much controversy because dust and uranium vapor are extremely toxic. One random fact is that Canada is the largest supplier of Uranium. It produces 20-30% of supplies. While many people think that Uranium is rare, it is actually plentiful. It is even more abundant than Mercury and Silver. (Anne Richardson)

Neptunium
Neptunium is a chemical element with the Symbol Np and Atomic Number 93. It it known as a radioactive metallic element, and belongs to the actinide series. It can be used as a component in neutron detection equipment. At least three discoveries of the Element 93 were fasley reported, as Bohemium, ausonium in 1934 and then sequanium in 1939. Neptunium, named after the planet Neptune was discovered by Edwin Mattison McMillian who was an American physicist and Philip Hauge Abelson who was also an American physicist, a scientific editor and a science writer. It was the first Transuranium element produced synthetically and the first actinide series transuranium element discovered. Trace amounts of Neptunium are found naturally as Decay products from transmutation reactions in uranium ones. Its characteristics are very different than most elements. It is silvery in appearence, and its metal is chemically reactive and is found in at least three allotroped. Neptunium could theoretically be used as fuel in a fast neutron reactor or a nuclear weapon. In 1992, The U.S Department of Energy declassified the statement that Neptunium- 237 "can be used for a nuclear explosive device". It is not believed that an actual weapon has ever been constructed using Neptunium. In conclusion, Neptunium has beocme one of the most major contributions of the total radiation in 1,000 years. (Latianna Nichols)

Plutonium
Plutonium is a chemical element with the atomic symbol Pu, and the atomic number 94. Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940 by a man named Glenn T. Seaborg and his scientific team. Very shortly after in November 1943 some plutonium trifluoride was reduced to create the first sample of plutonium metal. This experiment made enough plutonium to make it the first synthetically made element to be visible to the human eye without any type of assistance. Plutonium is an element that changes color due to it’s environment. At first is an element that is silvery and bright. However, after it is exposed to an abundance of oxygen it changes to a dull gray, and in some cases has been reported to change to olive green and yellow. Plutonium is found mostly in the Earth’s crust. It has an atomic weight of of 244 g-mol. Plutonium has 94 protons and electrons. Plutonium has twenty isotopes that have been given characteristics, but of the most important ones is plutonium-239 with a half life of 24,110 years. Plutonium-239 is a key component to the production of nuclear weapons, and was used during the Manhattan Project, which was charged with creating an atomic bomb. Plutonium is also a very dangerous poison that collects in the bones and interferes with the production of white cells. (Kai Payne)
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Americum
Americum is the chemical element with the symbol Am and the atomic number of 95. It is named after America and is mostly used in certain types of smoke detectors. In it’s undiluted state Americum is white and silvery. The 1st person to isolate Americum was Glenn T. Seaborg. It emits Gamma and Alpha radiation therefore making it harmful. The most stable version of Americum has a half life of 7370. The crystal structure of Americum is hexagonal and has many properties within it’s structure. But, as time goes on the amount of radiation. within each quantity of Americum decreases. Applying Americum to neutron radiology has proved to be useful as well within discovering new traits for the element. Created within a wartime lab, a patent was then granted naming it the 95th element. (Brandon Murray)

Curium
(Diana Overholser)

Berkellium
Berkelium’s atomic number is 97, it’s atomic weight is 247, and its melting point is about 2050 degrees Celsius. Berkelium, named after its discovery site of Berkeley University in California, was discovered and produced by three scientists named Thompson, Ghiorso, and Seaborg in 1949. The only visible amount to ever be produced weighed one-millionth of a gram! The only way for Berkelium to be produced is in a nuclear reactor via decay of curium. Because of this, the physical properties are not certain, but it is believed to be a silver-colored metal, easily oxidized by air, and supposedly collects inside of the human skeletal system. Its state at room temperature is a solid, its density at 293 K is approximately 14.79 grams per cubic centimeter. It has 12 isotopes, and its half-life is roughly 1380 years. We have not found any uses for Berkelium. (Jessica Bryant)

Californium
Californium was the sixth transuranium element discovered. Scientists Thompson, Street, Seaborg, Ghiorso from the University of California created the new element in 1950 by bombarding curium 248 with helium ions, a process called ion-exchange chromatherapy, the element was named Californium after both the state and the institution. There is also a theory that Californium is naturally created in the occurance of a supernova explosion. Californium has 98 neutrons, electrons, and protons. Its atomic weight is 251 amu. It has no known boilng point but it melts at 860 degrees celcius. The most common isotopes are Californium-250, -251, and -252. Cf-252, with a 2 1/2 year half life, can emit up to 170 million neutrons per minute per microgram. This nuetron emmitting rarity occurs because of the 3% of decay that occurs within the Cf-252 isotope due to spontaneous fission. Because Californium- 252 naturally emits so many neutrons, scientists expect great things to come from it in the medical and industrial areas of invention and discovery. This particular isotope can also be used as in oil exploration and as in helping nuclear power reactors start their process. Although it has great possibilities, Californium-252’s frequent neutron release could cause various biological problems so great caution has to be considered in handling it. (Savannah Bruun)

Sources Used:

[] [] [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium] [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/molybdenum/ http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/52.html