1940-1949

Jenny Jiang- 1943 George de Hevesy was born in Budapest, Hungary, on August 1st, 1885. His father was. Hevesy went to the school of the Holy Order of Joseph of Calazanc in Budapest, where he studied chiefly mathematics and physics. After 1903, he attend the University of Budapest for one year and made up his mind to study chemical engineering. Later he went to the Technical High School in Berlin. In April 1905, he moved to Freiburg, where his brothers studied law. Hevesy’s interest was physical chemistry. In 1906, he started to work on his doctoral thesis which dealt with the interaction of metallic sodium and molten sodium hydroxide. In the fall of 1908, Hevesy got his degree (major in physics; minor in chemistry and mathematics) and left for the Techincal High School of Zurich to study under a professor who was then the greatest authority on the chemistry of molten salts.
 * George de Hevesy **
 * ◎ Early Life **

**◎ **** Science Studies ** -His early investigations involved a study of the chemical behavior of molten salts and his introduction to practical radiochemistry came in Rutherford's laboratories at Manchester. His work there and later in Vienna and Budapest, mainly concerned the investigation and use of radium and lead isotopes. In Zurich Hevesy found the first assistant of Lorenz’s Institute, Felix Kaufler, a very learned man both in the filed of theoretical and applied chemistry, and learned form Kaufler much of what he had failed to learn during his years in Freiburg. He also got help from the eminent technologist Berl, the head of the Chemistry Department. In Zurich, Hevesy built an apparatus onsisting of four coiled and electrically heated tubes which permitted the observation of molten salts through the horizontal tubes. -Hevesy was invited by Bohr in 1919 to Copenhagen when he was in Manchester working on the valency of radioactive ions. Hevesy's researches were initially concerned with isotopic separations and in 1923 he discovered the element hafnium with Coster. He was responsible for pioneer work in the use of isotopic indicators both in inorganic and life sciences and later, in Freiburg, he was involved in the first clinical use of isotopes. On his return to Copenhagen, he demonstrated the formation of new artificially radioactive isotopes and subsequently introduced a method of activation analysis based on neutron bombardment of the element to be investigated. This method was to replace X-ray analysis with fluorescent X-rays which he introduced during his stay in Freiburg. -Hevesy finished his work with Groh on self-diffusion in solid lead and carried out an investigation with his friend Zechmeister on the exchange-ability of lead present in organic compounds, such as tetraphenyl lead, applying radioactive lead as an indicator. This research, besides showing the lack of interchange of lead in such systems, demonstrated more directly than any other method the correctness of Arrhenius's conception of electrolytic dissociation. If equimolecular amounts of radioactive lead chloride and non-active lead nitrate are dissolved and then separated by crystallization, the specific activity of lead chloride is found to be reduced to half of its original value. Thus half of the lead atoms originally present in the chloride were now in the crystallized nitrate and vice versa. -Hevesy arrived at Copenhagen in March 1920 simultaneously with the theoretical physicist Rubinowitch. Kramers came somewhat earlier. In those years Hevesy was much interested in the problems of separation of isotopes. While the mass spectroscope method of identification of isotopes had already reached a high degree of perfection, trustworthy methods of separation of isotopes on a substantial scale were not yet worked out. -Hevesy considered that much of the shortcomings of his biological investigations which started with the study of the renewal of the skeleton using 32P as a tracer was due to his having had to start the study of physiology and biochemistry simultaneously with the application of radioactive indicators in physiological and biochemical research. He got permission to work for a while in Lundsgard's premises and obtained much help from his experienced aged technician, Miss Hagfelt. One of their main difficulties was to obtain sufficient 32• for their work. On Niels Bohr's 50th birthday in 1935 his friends presented a sum of over 100 000 kr. which Bohr directed to be applied to the purchase of a radium-beryllium source to be used in the pro-duction of artificial radioactivity. This gift was a great help. Later E. O. Lawrence generously sent some strongly active 32P samples, produced by Martin Kamen. When en route from Cornell to Japan, Hevesy first met Ernest Lawrence who demonstrated the acceleration of protons by his first miniature cyclotron. Hevesy could not then foresee the enormous importance for his own work of this ingenious tool. In 1937 a symposium on the applica-tion of 32P was held in which among others Meyerhof, Parnas and Joliot participated. Meyerhof had great doubts as to the usefulness of 32P as a tracer, 'es wird alles verschmiert' he remarked. He had in mind the fact that the inorganic 32P comes in rapid exchange equilibrium with the labile P of A TP. Parnas, however, realized the great possibilities opened. Hevesy soon started a joint work with him on the reaction path of glycero-phosphate, coriester formation. With Ladislaus Hahn they carried out extended studies on phosphatide metabolism including phosphatide formation in the chick embryo. With Aten he studied the incorporation of 32P into red corpuscles, studies which led among others to the labelling of erythrocytes

**◎ **** Reasons for the Nobel Prize **

Hevesy got Nobel Chemistry Prize in 1943 for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes. In 1913, Hevesy had been commissioned to isolate radium D from radioactive lead. His efforts were unsuccessful. It had in fact become apparent that radioactive radium D differed so little from inactive radium G, the last of the series of descendants of radium, that all attempts to isolate them from each other seemed destined to failure. Radium D and radium G are isotopes and constitute different species of lead. They differ in their atomic weight whilst their atoms have the same nuclear charge. The shells of their electrons, shells which determine their chemical properties, are therefore more or less identical. If it is impossible to isolate chemically a radioactive isotope from an element of which it is part, it must be possible to use this peculiarity to follow in its details the behavior of this element during chemical reactions and physical processes of different kinds. The active atoms are recognized by their radiation and, being faithful companions of the inactive atoms of an element, they serve as markers for them. By using radium D as a marker, Hevesy determined the solubility of highly insoluble lead compounds. He succeeded in determining exactly the quantity of lead sulphide or of lead chromate taken up under different conditions from solvents of different types. He studied the exchangeability of lead atoms into the dissolved substances and was able to confirm that it corresponded to the behavior of the lead atoms as ions. By precipitating thorium B, a very active isotope of lead, on the surface of a lead crystal and by following the reduction in radiation intensity brought about by the changes in place of the active atoms with the inactive lead atoms of the lower layer, and hence with the penetrations which took place in the crystal, he was able to measure the energy needed to liberate an atom from the crystallised part of the lead, in other words the dissociation energy of the crystal lattice. This energy was found to be of the same order of magnitude as the heat of vaporisation of lead. This latter research is particularly interesting from the physico-chemical point of view. So long as natural radioactive elements only were used as markers, use of the new method was inevitably very limited. In fact the method could be applied only in the case of heavy metals - lead, thorium, bismuth and thallium - and their compounds. De Hevesy has remained the prime mover in this new field of activity and much first-class and important research has been carried out by him and his co-workers.

Work Cited

Cockcroft, John D. "George de Hevesy, 1885-1966". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 13, (Nov., 1967). 29 Oct. 2010 <[]> LibbySource, Willard F. "Radiochemistry". The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 83, No. 3 (Sep., 1956). 29Oct. 2010 <[]> The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize: [] and []

Jonathan Richards
 * __Otto Hahn __**- 1944 Nobel Prize Winner for Chemistry

·   · **__ Early Life __**- Hahn was the youngest son of Heinrich Hahn (1845–1922), a prosperous glazier and entrepreneur, and Charlotte Hahn (1845–1905). Together with his brothers Karl, Heiner and Julius, Hahn was raised in a sheltered environment. At the age of 15, he began to take a special interest in chemistry and carried out simple experiments in the laundry room of the family home. His father wanted Otto to study architecture, due to the fact that his family had built and owned several residential and business properties. Hahn had different plans though; Hahn persuaded his father that his ambition was to become an [|industrial chemist]. Hahn’s intellectual journey began when Hahn choose to study chemistry and mineralogy at the University of Marburg. While at Marburg, Hahn became a member of the Students’ Association of Natural Sciences and Medicine, a fraternity which later became today’s Nibelungia Fraternity. Hahn later continued his studies under Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Munich. In 1901, Hahn received his doctorate based on his dissertation about classical organic chemistry entitled //On Bromine Derivates of Isoeugenol//. · **__Research__**- Otto Hahn was a phenomenal researcher and worked in collaboration with many of the era’s best scientist. In 1905, while studying at the Physical Institute of McGill University in Montreal (Canada), Hahn worked with Ernest Rutherford in researching “alpha-rays of radiothorium and radioactinium.” In 1907, Hahn and Dr. Lise Meitner began collarborative work on “beta-rays, their absorbability, magnetic spectra, etc., and the use of the radioactive recoil.” In 1918, Hahn began research with Professor Meitner and discovered protactinium, he further discovered uranium Z, and researched the formations of crystals. Hahn has also collaborated with Dr. Strassmann in researching “the processes of irradiating uranium and thorium with neutrons.” Han later went on to work with Proffesuer Meitner and they jointly discovered “an artificially active uranium isotope. · **__Nobel Prize-__** Otto Hahn was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1944 “for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei". Otto Hahn was actually given the award in 1945 because no one met the criteria for the award in 1944 so it was just carried over to the next year. Hahn’s discovery occurred in 1938 when he was working jointly with Dr. Strassmann. Hahn momentous break through was the discovery of “uranium and thorium in medium heavy atomic nuclei.” He published his finding in Naturwissenschaften, 1939.  · **__Legacy__**- Hahn’s life of research in the field of chemistry has resulted in a very impressive legacy. Hahn became a member of Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in 1912 and then in 1928 became the director of the institute. In 1933, he became a Visiting Professor at Cornell University. In 1946, he became the President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and in 1948 he served as the President of the Max Plank Society. Hahn has also been “granted membership to the Academies of Berlin, Göttingen, Munich, Halle, Stockholm, Vienna, Boston, and Madrid.”

Arturri IImari Virtanen By Jessica Bryant



In his early career, Arturri IImari Virtanen, a native of Helsinki, Finland, attended the University of Finland where he obtained both his master’s and doctorate degrees in areas of biology, chemistry and physics. Although he initially did postgraduate work in physical chemistry, he is most renowned for this later contributions to biochemical studies. His interest in this field originated with his studies on bacteria and enzymes in Stockholm, Sweden from 1921-23. These studies led to his most famous scientific accomplishment, wherein he developed a new method of food preservation. In 1933 he bought a farm near his birth place where he would test his new methods. Using hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and a hearty mix of grains, he was able to develop a blight-resistant cow fodder (feed).This new scientific contribution to agriculture went on to revolutionize the farming of livestock entirely. The chemically preserved feed not only proved to be a cheap and reliable food source during cold winter months (when grazing conditions are undesirable), but was also anatomically safe and did not chemically alter the products harvested from the livestock. This revolution in agriculture claimed the Nobel Prize for Virtanen in Chemistry in 1945.

Works Cited [] [] []

Diana- 1947  **Sir Robert Robinson ** **Sir Robert Robinson was born on September 13th, 1886 in Rufford, United Kingdom. He loved to climb mountains. Robinson climbed in the Pyrenees, Alps, New Zealand, and Norway. He is a chess player and became President of the British Chess Federation from 1950 to 1953. He also liked music and photography. ** ** Robinson got married to Gertrude Maud Walsh in 1912. She was a fellow student to Robinson at Manchester University. They both had several fields of chemical research together. They had two one daughter and son. He got remarried in 1957 to Stearn Sylvia Hillstrom. ** **He was a British chemist and taught at the universities of Sydney in 1912 to 1915, Liverpool in 1915 to 1920, St. Andrews in 1921 to 1922, Manchester in 1922 to 1928, London in 1928-1930, and Oxford in 1930-1955. He was appointed the first Professor of Pure and Applied Organic Chemistry at Sydney University in 1912. While being at Liverpool he was appointed to be the Director of Research at the British Dyestuffs Corporation. By 1955, he became a Director of the Shell Company and a chemical consultant. ** **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> His father, William Bradbury Robinson, was a surgical dressing manufacturer. He invented many machines. He created the company Robinson and Sons Ltd and created textile and packaging manufacturers as well. ** **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Robinson received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1947. He was awarded this due to his research on plant products of biological importance. His main research was done on alkaloids, which are a group of chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms and occur naturally. They contain quinine, strychnine, cocaine, morphine, and atropine. Robinson made some of the most amazing and significant contributions on how to determine the molecular structure of alkaloids. ** **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">His other research in organic chemistry was with electrochemical mechanism of organic reactions and with the structure and synthesis of organic bodies. He had a strong interest in the chemical constitution of plant dyestuffs. Robinson dedicated a lot of time towards the definition of the arrangement of atoms within molecules. Some examples of these molecules are morphine and narcotine. ** **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Robinson is a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. From 1939-1941, he was President of The Chemical Society. He is also the Fellow of the Royal Society from 1945-1950. Robinson was honored with The Chemical Society in 1962. ** **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> He died in Great Missenden, UK, on February 8th 1975. His prize motivation is “for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkalois.” His field is in organic chemistry. **

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Christina- 1948 <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius Born 10 August 1902, Stockholm, Sweden Died 29 October 1971, Uppsala, Sweden Early Life: Tiselius specialized in chemistry at the university of Uppsala. He then became a research assistant in 1925 in the Svedberg’s laboratory. He recived Doctors degree in 1930, and was apponted Docent in chemistry from 1930 on. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 1931-1935 he published papers on diffusion and adsorption phenomena in naturally occurring base-exchanging zeolites. Tiselius visited and where he researched the following at H.S. Taylor’s lab in Princeton, then back in Uppsala resumed interest in proteins which lead to an improved method of electrophoretic analysis, published in the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Transactions of the Faraday Society// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, 33 (1937) 524. His area of science study is in Physical chemistry analytical biochemistry. Tiselius Won his nobel prize "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" He married Ingrid Margareta (Greta) Dalén, the daughter of the city judge in Gothenburg in 1930. They had two successful children. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 13px;"> //<span style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #307598; text-decoration: none;">[|Nobel Lectures], Chemistry 1942-1962//, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1964 Nina- 1949

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-Canadian, born in Niagara Falls May, 12, 1895 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-received his sec <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13px;">ondary school education in the Niagara Falls Collegiate Institute <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-planne <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13px;">d to be an electrical engineer, but due to finance problem, he ended up becoming a chemistry engineer <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt;">-worked in the laboratory of Hooker Electro-Chemical Company in Niagara Falls, New York <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-earned his PhD in chemistry with a minor of physics in the College of Chemistry of the University of California, Berkeley <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-a scientific investigation with a group of faculty and students associated with Professor Gilbert N. Lewis was a major influence to him <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-became Professor of Chemistry in 1934 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-his research has been to demonstrate that the third law of thermodynamics is a basic natural law <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-the research included accurate entropy determinations from low temperature measurements, particularly on condensed gases. The entropies and other thermodynamic properties of many gases have also been determined from quantum statistics and molecular energy levels <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-investigations of the entropy of oxygen led to the discovery of oxygen isotopes 17 and 18 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-investigation of the effect of magnetic fields on the entropies of paramagnetic substances led to the invention of the method of producing temperatures considerably below 1° absolute <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- received the Chandler Medal and the honorary degree of Sc.D. from Columbia University, an honorary LL.D. from the University of California, and the Elliott Cresson Medal from the Franklin Institute. - received the Willard Gibbs Medal and in 1956 the Gilbert Newton Lewis Medal. - he was Faculty Research Lecturer of the University of California in 1948 and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the American Chemical Society, Institut International du Froid, and is Fellow of the American Physical Society and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
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