Atoms+Ions+and+Naming

=﻿ Topic 2 - Atoms, Ions, and Naming ( Kate Yoo ) =


 * Brief History of Atomic Theory

Democritus: 460 to 370 BC, Greek philosopher - He believed atoms are indivisible and indestructible     John Dalton : 1766 to 1844  - He used scientific method in studying atoms and along with Democritus' ideas - Dalton formulated an atomic theory 1) All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms 2) Atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms of one element are different from another <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">3) Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can join chemically in simple whole number ratios to form compounds <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">4) Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged. Atoms of one element are never changed into <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">atoms of matter <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">J.J.Thomson <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: 1856 to 1940 <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- He discovered the electron in 1897 by proposing Plum Pudding Model <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Plum Pudding Model - e⁻ ﻿were stuck into a lamp of positive charge <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> <J.J.Thomson> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><Ernest Rutherford>  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Ernest Rutherford <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: 1871 to 1937  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- He is known as the father of nuclear physics <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Rutherford found nucleus (+) charge in center of atom during his Gold-Foil Experiment <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">* Plum Pudding Model and Rutherford Model used planets moving around the sun as an analogy for how electrons <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">move about the nucleus <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">* However, they could not explain chemical properties of the elements <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> ﻿ <Neils Bohr> ﻿  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Neils Bohr <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: 1885 to 1962  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- He propesed that e⁻ ﻿moves in circular paths around the nucleus, called orbits, that has a specific fixed energy <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- As electrons get farther from the nucleus, distance between e⁻ ﻿levels and energy decrease <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><The Evolution of Atomic Theory> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Subatomic Particles

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Subatomic Particles <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: Electron, Proton, Neutron <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><Subatomic Particles> <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Nucleus <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: Proton, Neutron <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Nuclear forces - attractive forces between p-p, p-n, n-n <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><Nucleus>


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Atomic Number

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Atomic Number <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: number of protons in each atom <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons, and atoms of the same element have the same number of protons <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Atomic number is founded on the periodic table (blue integer) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> ﻿ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;"><Atomic Number & Mass Number>
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Mass Number

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Mass Number <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">: mass of the atom concentrated in the nucleus <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Mass number equals to number of protons + number of neutrons <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Mass number = proton + neutron = atomic number on periodic table + neutron
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 150%;">Isotopes

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Isotope<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">elements that have same number of protons, but different number of neutrons <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Ex) Helium Isotopes  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><He - 3/ He - 4>

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">He - 3: mass number = 3 = # of protons + # of neutrons = 2 + 1 <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">He - 4: mass number = 4 = # of protons + # of neutrons = 2 + 2
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Anions, Cations, Polyatomic Ions

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Ions<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> (+) or (-) charged particles <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"><span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Cations <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">: (+) charged ions - move left on periodic table to reach noble gas, have more protons than electrons, metals  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"><Cations lose electrons> <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Anions<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">: (-) charged ions - move right on periodic table to reach noble gas, have more electrons than protons, nonmetals  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;"><Common Anions>  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Ions are formed when atoms gain or loss electrons to match the electronic configuration of their nearest noble gas neighbor <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;"><Charges for cations & anions>  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- When forming ions - follow Octet (8) Rule <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Noble gases: inert, unreactive - atoms strive to achieve the electronic configuration of their nearest noble gas <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Polyatomic ions<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">: tightly bonded group pf atoms that behave as a unit and have a charge <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><Common polyatomic ions>

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">﻿ <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Cations<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">: metal name + cation <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Ex) Na+ - Sodium cation﻿ <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Mg2+ - Magnesium cation/ K+ - Potassium cation <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Transition Metals<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">: can have more than one ionization state  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Ex) Cu+ - Copper (I) ion (stock name) - Cuprous ion (classic name) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Cu2+ - Copper (II) ion - Cupric ion <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">* -ous used for smaller charge ion/ -ic used for larger charge ion <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">* Zn, Cd, Ag - only have one ion - do not have Roman number <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;"><Transition Metals>  <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Anions: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">change ending to -ide + ion  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">﻿﻿﻿Ex) Cl-: Chlorine -> Chloride ion/ O <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">2 -: Oxygen -> Oxide ion <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">F-: Fluorine -> Fluoric ion/ N3-: Nitrogen -> Nitride ion <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Polyatomic Ions<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">: most have names ending in -ate, -ite  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">* Exceptions: Ammonium - NH4+, Cyanide - CN-, Hydroxide - OH-  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Names with ending in -ate, -ite depend on the number of Os <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Ex) Sulfite (SO2−3)/ Sulfate (SO2−4 )  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> - Smaller number of O -> -ite ending/ larger number of O -> -ate ending  <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; whitespace: nowrap;">Ionic Compounds : <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; whitespace: nowrap;"> cation + anion  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> - Write name of cation and anion -> get rid of the word cation  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> Ex) CS <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">2 O - Cesium cation oxide ion -> Cesium oxide  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> CuO - Copper (II) Oxide -> Cupricoxide  <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; whitespace: nowrap;">Covalent Molecules<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; whitespace: nowrap;">: use prefix to tell how many of each atom is present  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;"><Numerical prefix>  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">﻿Ex) CO - Carbon monoxide <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">PCl<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">5 - Phosphorous pentachloride <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">* If there is only one of the first atom, mono is implied <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Acid with polyatomic ion end with -ite: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Write root name -> change -ite to -ous acid <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Ex) H2SO3 - Sulfite -> Sulfurous acid <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Acid with polyatomic ion end with -ate: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Write root name -> change -ate to -ic acid <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Ex) H2SO4 - Sulfate -> Sulfuric acid <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Base:<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> ionic compounds that produce OH- (Hydroxide) in H2O  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Ex) Mg(OH)2 - Magnesium hydroxide <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Fe(OH)3 - Iron (III) hydroxide/ NH3 - Ammonia
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 150%;">Naming
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 150%;">Related Questions

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">1. Which of the following arrangements represent different isotopes of the same element?
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">12 protons, 11 neutrons, 12 electrons
 * 2) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">11 protons, 12 neutrons, 11 electrons
 * 3) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">10 protons, 12 neutrons, 12 electrons
 * 4) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">11 protons, 12 neutrons, 10 electrons
 * 5) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">12 protons, 12 neutrons, 12 electrons


 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">1 and 5
 * 2) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">2 and 4
 * 3) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">2, 3, 4 and 5
 * 4) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">all of these qualify
 * 5) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">None of these qualify

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">---> (1), because isotopes have same number of protons, but different number of neutrons <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">2. Which of the following is named incorrectly? <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">---> (4), HClO is Hypochlorous acid <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">3. Which of following is not true of the carbon-14 atom?
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">H2CO2 : carbonous acid
 * 2) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">HClO2 : chlorous acid
 * 3) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">H2SO4 : sulfuric acid
 * 4) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">HClO : hydrochlorous acid
 * 5) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">H3PO3 : phosphorous acid
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">It has six protons
 * 2) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">It has an average mass of 12.011 amu.
 * 3) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">It has six electrons
 * 4) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">It has eight neutrons
 * 5) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">It is the less common than carbon-12

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">---> (2), it has a molar mass of 12.011g <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">4. The correct name for MgO2 is:
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">magnesium(II) oxide
 * 2) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">magnesium(IV) oxide
 * 3) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">magnesium peroxide
 * 4) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">magnesium oxide
 * 5) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">magnesium(IV) peroxide

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">---> (3), MgO2 is a oxygen release agent, so name should be Magnesium peroxide <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">5. J.J. Thomson's model of the atom can be summarized with the visual image of: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">planets orbiting the sun
 * 2) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">plum pudding
 * 3) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">bees around a hive
 * 4) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">a small central nucleus and an electron cloud
 * 5) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">none of the above

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">---> (2), J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through his plum pudding model