Assignment+1-+Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements!

Periodic Table of the Elements Project! Hydrogen Hydrogen is an element that was used for many years before it was called an element. Some sources say that in 1671 Robert Boyle made hydrogen gas. Not until 95 years later did Henry Cavendish identify it as an element. Hydrogen’s atomic weight is 1.00794. It has one Electron and one proton. Hydrogen has three different isotopes that we know of. The first is Hydrogen, also known as protium. The second isotope is deuterium. Some people refer to this as heavy hydrogen. The third isotope is tritium. The reason that they gave hydrogen different names for each of its isotopes is that the properties of each have some major differences. Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas at room temperature. It is a flammable element, and when burned with oxygen it creates water. Hydrogen can be gathered in different ways. The main way to get hydrogen is by electrolysis, which separates the hydrogen from water. Hydrogen’s melting point is -259.34°C and its boiling point is -252.87°C. Hydrogen is a great way to store energy. We use it for rocket fuels because it is extremely flammable when mixed with oxygen. We also use it for fuel in cars. Today most people use a fuel like gasoline to store their energy. Hydrogen is another way to store energy. One of the reasons that we might want to use hydrogen and not gasoline for a source of energy is that hydrogen produces much less pollution than what gas does. The only product of burning hydrogen is water. We also used to use hydrogen for things like blimps. In 1937 the Hindenburg caught fire and the whole aircraft was in flames. Now blimps use helium, which is much heavier, but not as flammable. Another famous use of hydrogen is in the hydrogen bomb, which is much more powerful than the atomic bomb. (Jim Armfield) []

Helium Helium is the second element on the periodic table, right after hydrogen. It has an atomic mass of 4.003. It is a noble gas, and it usually appears in that form on earth as a gas. It has no color, or odor, or scent, and it has the lowest boiling and melting points out of all of the elements on the periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the universe right behind hydrogen. It also accounts for 24% of the element mass in the universe. Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer were the two scientists who received credit for discovering the element first. It has two commonly known isotopes in He3 and He4, which are also the most stable out of the bunch. Helium is commonly used in MRI scanners, along with filling up baloons, and hot air baloons. It is also a very important part of cryogenics. This element has 2 protons, two neutrons, and two electrons. Helium4 is the most commonly seen or used isotope of this element and has been around for an incredibly long time, some scientists say that it may have even been created during the big bang. Helium is definitely one of the most important elements in the universe, and has many uses, and without it the world would be a lot different. (Ryan Gajda)


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Lithium Lithium, Li, is an alkali metal which has the a silver/white color. The atomic number of Lithium is Three (3). Lithium contains Three (3) protons, three (3) electrons and 3.942 Neutrons. The atomic mass of this element is 6.941. Even though the atomic weight of Lithium is very light, Lithium is less common in the solar system than twenty five (25) of the first thirty two (32) chemical elements. The two Isotopes that make-up Lithium, with a 95% natural abundance, is Luthium-6 and Lithium-7. Another cmmon isoptope is Lithium-4. Lithium is a very unique alkali metal because it is the lightest metal. Along with being the lightest metal, Lithium is least dense solid element. When Lithium is cut open, it releases a metallic luster, but it rusts to a dull silvery tarnish when in contact with moist air. Lithium is highly flammable and reactive, as are all of the other alkali metals on the periodic table. Because Lithium is so reactive, it is usually found in petroleum based products such as vaseline and mineral oil, so that it can float or be held below the medium. Also, due to it’s high reactivity, Lithium occurs naturally only in the form of compounds. (Charnice Charmant)



Beryllium Beryllium is the fourth element on the periodic table, and it has an atomic mass of 9.0121. It is a an alkali earth metal, that is steel- gray, and is considered physically strong. It was discovered by Freidrich Woller and Antoine Bussy. It has a very low density, and a very high boiling point, which makes it a good material for aerospace material. It has been used in rocket nozzles, and also in space telescopes. It also serves as filters and windows for radiation and particles physics experiments. Beryllium is mainly found in minerals along with other elements. It is a very interesting element because in order to isolate it you have to go out of your way to extract it from the mineral. Beryllium can be harmful to humans though, because it can cause an incredibly harmful chronic-life threating disease, berylliosis, if exposed to to much of it. Some common isotopes of Beryllium are Be7 and Be9, and they are commonly found throughout the universe. Beryllium Oxide, and Beryllium Oxide, are common compounds that often have beryllium in them. Beryllium is a very interesting but rare element, and definitely has some very important uses, and is very unknown considering how important it is. (Ryan Gajda)
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Boron Boron the chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Boron is a non metallic element and the only non-metal of the group 13 of the periodic table.Its atomic mass is 10.81 g.mol -1. The density of boron is 2.3 g.cm-3 at 20°C. The melting point of boron is at 2076 °C, and the boiling point is at 3927 °C. It has two isotopes. Remarkably, pure boron is a rare substance, boron tends to form refractory material containing small amounts of carbon or other elements. Boron was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy and J.L Gay-Lussac in 1808 through the reaction of boric acid and potassium. Davy called the element //boracium//. Jöns Jakob Berzelius identified boron as an element in 1824. The first pure boron was arguably produced by the American chemist W. Weintraub in 1909. The most economically important compound of boron is sodium tetraborate decahydrate Na2B4O7 · 10H2O, or borax, used for insulating fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach. Estimated global consumption of boron rose to a record 1.8 million tonnes of B2O3 in 2005, following a period of strong growth in demand from Asia, Europe and North America. Boron mining and refining capacities are considered to be adequate to meet expected levels of growth through the next decade. (Peter Seifarth)

Carbon Carbon has the atomic symbol “C” and has the atomic number 6. All forms of carbon are very stable; they require a very high heat to react even with oxygen. Carbon forms more compounds than any other element. It has almost 10 million pure substances. Carbon is the 4th most abundant element in the universe by mass, surpassed only by oxygen, helium and hydrogen. It has three naturally occurring isotopes, C12, C13 and C14. C14 however, is unstable and radioactive. It’s half-life is 5730 years. It is a non-metal element in column 14. It’s color spectrum is very broad, considering it makes up diamonds and// graphite, which are very different colors. It also shows that it makes very different bonds, for diamond is the hardest substance on earth and graphite is very soft. Carbon has 6 protons, and between 2 and 16 neutrons. Carbon has the ability to form very long chains of bonds. Carbon forms a very large percent of rocks such as marble, dolomite and limestone. Carbon combines with some metals at high temperatures to form metallic carbides, such as the iron carbide cementine in steel, and tungsten carbide, widely used as an abrasive and for making hard tips for cutting tools. It has an affinity for bonding with other small atoms, including other carbon atoms, and is capable of forming multiple stable covalent bonds with such atoms. Carbon is so abundant in organic organisms, that there is no way the Earth would ever lose all of its carbon. In Earth’s conditions, it is very rare for one element to change into another. So the amount of Carbon on Earth is constant. But carbon changes, carbon in the form of biomass gets eaten by animals and is either exhaled by animals as carbon dioxide, or defecated into another biomass. Carbon is essential to life on Earth. Carbon makes up charcoal, coal, graphite, some drilling bits, and many more Earthly items. (Sam Falcon) Nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element with the atomic number 7 and the symbol N. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas. Nitrogen is a nonmetal, with an electronegativity of 3.04. It has five electrons in its outer shell and is therefore trivalent in most compounds. The triple bond in molecular nitrogen (N2) is the strongest. There are only two stable isotopes of nitrogen, Nitrogen 15 and Nitrogen 14. Molecular nitrogen (14N2) is largely transparent to infrared and visible radiation. Nitrogen also makes a contribution to visible air glow from the Earth's upper atmosphere, through electron impact excitation followed by emission. This visible blue air glow (seen in the polar aurora and in the re-entry glow of returning spacecraft) typically results not from molecular nitrogen, but rather from free nitrogen atoms combining with oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO). That is the Northern Lights. Nitrogen is even used for beer! It is preferred to carbon dioxide to pressurize kegs of beers because it produces smaller bubbles. Like dry ice, the main use of liquid nitrogen is as a refrigerant. Among other things, it is used in the cryopreservation of blood. The organic and inorganic salts of nitric acid have been important historically as convenient stores of chemical energy. Rapid release of nitrogen gas into an enclosed space can displace oxygen, and so is a choking hazard. Liquid nitrogen is a cryogenic liquid. At atmospheric pressure, it boils at −195.8 °C. When insulated in proper containers such as Dewar flasks, it can be transported without much evaporative loss. (Sam Falcon)

Oxygen Oxygen is the element with the chemical symbol O and the atomic number 8. It is the third most copious element by mass in the universe after hydrogen and helium, and the most abundant element by mass on the earth’s crust. Oxygen is a nonmetallic and highly reactive element that easily forms compounds with almost all other elements. The atomic mass of oxygen is 15.9994(3) g.mol-1, and its density is 1.429 g/L. The melting point of oxygen is -218.79°C, and its boiling point is -182.95°C. Oxygen was originally toxic to the early life forms on earth about 2.5 billion years ago, but now, life forms depend on oxygen to live. Oxygen was first discovered by Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1772. He created oxygen gas by heating mercuric oxide and other nitrates in the air, and first called it “fire air.” On August 1, 1774, a British clergyman named Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide in a glass tube and created oxygen gas as well. He noted many observations of his experiment in his paper “An Account of Further Discoveries in Air.” Priestley is usually given credit for discovering the element first because he published his works first. Oxygen has 3 stable isotopes with atomic masses 16, 17, or 18; Oxygen with the atomic mass 16 is the most abundant isotope. Oxygen at standard temperature and pressure is an odorless and colorless gas. At liquid and solid form, oxygen is a sky-blue color. Today, oxygen is used for the production of steel, plastics, and textiles. It is also used for life support in spaceflight, submarines, aircrafts, and diving. (Collin Kelly)

Fluorine Fluorine was first produced by an electrolytic process in 1869 by George Gore. He was only able to produce a very small amount of Fluorine. A French chemist named Ferdinand Frederic Henri Moissan was the first to successfully isolate Fluorine 1886. He used potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid to create it through electrolysis. Fluorine is very hard to completely isolate because Fluorine does not occur free in nature. Ferdinand won the Noble Peace Prize for chemistry in 1906 because he did such an amazing thing. The atomic weight of Fluorine is 18.9984032. It has 9 electrons and protons. Fluorine has one stable isotope, Fluorine-19. It has 12 other isotopes. Fluorine has a boiling point of -188.12°C and a melting point of -219.62°C. At room temperature fluorine is a pale yellow gas that is very corrosive. It is also one of the most reactive elements. Because fluorine is not found free in nature, we have to use processes to get it. It can be found in fluorspar and cryolite. One use of fluorine is to produce uranium. Another thing that we use fluorine for is in Fluorochlorohydrocarbons, which is in refrigerators. Fluorine can also be used to make certain plastics. Fluorine can also be used in topical applications that have to do with reducing dental cavities. (Jim Armfield)

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Neon Neon has the chemical symbol Ne and the atomic number 10. It is the second lightest noble gas with the atomic mass of 20.1797 g·mol−1.It is a very rare element on earth like helium, but it is the fifth most abundant chemical element by mass in the universe. It is usually a colorless gas, but it gives off a reddish-orange glow.Neon is used in in discharge tubes, neon lamps, and advertising signs; some more uncommon things neon is used for is lightning arrestors, television tubes, and wave meter tubes. Neon has the melting point of -248.59 °C and the boiling point of -246.08 °C. Neon is created when stars fuse helium and oxygen, or the alpha process. For this process to occur the temperatures must be over 100 megakelvin and there must be masses greater than 3 solar masses. Neon has three stable isotopes when it has atomic masses 10, 11, or 12. British chemists Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers discovered neon in 1898. Ramsay chilled a sample of the atmosphere until it changed into a liquid. He warmed the liquid awaiting three gases to boil off: argon, xenon, and neon. Georges Claude created a lamp with discharge tubes of the neon gas and began selling them. Neon was introduced to the United States in 1923 when these lamps began selling throughout the country. (Collin Kelly)



Sodium Sodium is the sixth most abundant element on the earth. It is never found free in nature because it is an alkali metal, and those are extremely reactive. Pure sodium was first contained by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807 through the electrolysis of caustic soda (NaOH). Sodium’s atomic weight is 22.99 amu. It has 11 electrons and protons. There are 13 recognized isotopes of sodium. The only stable isotope is Na-23. Sodium is found in many places. They are very abundant in the sun and stars. Commercially sodium is gotten from the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. We use sodium for many different applications. The number one application that people think of for sodium is for salt. Sodium and Chloride together make salt, a spice that we use to season our food. The reason that eating sodium is so fascinating is that pure sodium is highly reactive with water, and will explode if it comes into contact with it. That means that pure sodium cannot be kept in the open because there is water vapor in the air, which may cause a reaction. Compounds of sodium can be used to make petroleum, paper, glass, and even soap. Sodium can also be used to improve the structure of some alloys. Sodium’s state at room temperature is solid. It has a melting point of 97.8 °C and a boiling point of 883°C. (Jim Armfield)

[|http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/history/faq/sodium-discovery.shtml] [|http://pt.chemicalstore.com/Na%20-%20Sodium.html] []

Magnesium Magnesium was first isolated by an English chemist named Sir Humphry Davy in 1808. Hey was able to isolate it by the electrolysis of a mixture of magnesium oxide and mercuric oxide. The atomic weight of magnesium is 24.3050. It has 12 protons and electrons. There are three naturally occurring isotopes of magnesium. Magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26. There is also a radioactive isotope of magnesium. Magnesium-28. Magnesium has a boiling point of 1107.0 °C and a melting point of 650.0 °C. Magnesium is a solid silvery-white metal at room temperature. It is flammable at high temperature, and it produces a very bright blinding white light. Magnesium can be found in the ocean. “A cubic mile of seawater is estimated to contain up to six million tons of magnesium.” Magnesium is also found in brine and in mines. Brine is water that is saltier than sea water. We use magnesium for many different things. It is used in some alloys of metals. It is the lightest of all of the structural metals. Another use for magnesium is in flash bulbs for old cameras. It would create a very bright flash, which would make dark scenes easier to take pictures of. Magnesium is also used in fireworks because of its bright flashing properties while burning. Magnesium can also be used in many different types of medicines that we use every day in things like antacids and pain killers. (Jim Armfield) [] [] []

Aluminium A silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element, after oxygen and silicon. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminum is too reactive chemically to occur in nature as a free metal. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief source of aluminum is bauxite ore. Aluminum is remarkable for the metal's low density and for its ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation. Passivation is the process of making a material "passive", usually by the deposition of a layer of oxide on its surface. Structural components made from aluminum and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and are very important in other areas of transportation and building. Its reactive nature makes it useful as a catalyst or additive in chemical mixtures, including ammonium nitrate explosives, to enhance blast power. The ancient Greeks and Romans used alum as an astringent and as a mordant in dyeing. In 1761 de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal. (Peter Seifarth)

Silicon Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass. It has an atomic number of 14 on the periodic table and it’s symbol is “Si”. It is almost the most abundant element in Earth’s crust, second only to Oxygen. Silicon has many industrial uses. It is used widely in semi-conductor devices. Silicon reacts halogens, but most acids do not affect it. In its pure crystal form, silicon is a gray color, with a metallic shine. Silicon is one of the few elements that is denser in its liquid form than in its solid form. Silicon makes up 25.7 percent of the Earth’s crust. In the form of silica and silicates, silicon forms useful glasses, cements, and ceramics. It is very important to the metabolism of plants, including many grasses and silicic acid. Silicon is very rarely found in its pure elemental nature. It is more commonly found in the forms of dust, sands, and planetoids and planets. The second largest use of silicon, about 40%, is as a raw material in the production of silicones. Which are compounds containing silicon-oxygen bonds. Pure silicon is used to produce ultra-pure silicon wafers used in the semiconductor industry, in electronics and in photovoltaic applications. Silicones are used waterproofing treatments; molding compounds are mold-release agents, mechanical seals, high temperature greases and waxes, caulking compounds and even in breast implants. Silica from sand is a principal component of glass. Glass can be made into a great variety of shapes and with many different physical properties. (Sam Falcon)

Phosphorus

(The highly reactve, poisonous non-metallic element that occurs naturally in phosphates) This element commonly found in inorganic phosphate rocks, is a nonmetal of the nitrogen group. Phosphorus contains fifteen (15) electrons as well as fifteen (15) protons.There are sixteen (16) neutrons in element Phosphorus.The fact tht this elemnt exists in three major froms, the white phosphorus, the black phosphorus and red phosphorus, can make this a bit confusing. White phosphorus is poisonous and can ignite when it comes in contact with the air; this is why you can find white phosphorus stores under water. Red Phosphorus forms when you heat white phosphorus to 250degreesC, or by exposing the white phosphorus to sunlight. Red Phosphorus is not poisonous. You can find Red phosphorus in fireworks, smoke bombs and pesticides. Black phosphorus is the least reactive form of phosphorus, having no use. it is also formed by heating white phosphorus, but a mercury catalyst and a seed crystal of black phosphorus are required. A word named after the element, PHOSPHORESENCE, means glow after illumination. Phosphorus is highly reactive, so it is never found naturally on Earth. Phosphorus is considered an essential element for all living cells because it is a component of DNA, ATP and RNA, and also the phospholipids that form all cell membranes. Phosphorus can be found in the fertilizers used to protect metal surfaces from corrosion, and safety matches. The stable isotope of this element is P-31, which has the atomic mass of 30.973762. The radioactive isotopes of Phosphorus include P-32, and P-33, both beta-emitters. (Charnice Charmant)
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Sulfur Sulfur is a chemical element and has an atomic number of 16 on the periodic table of elements. It has the atomic symbol “S” and is an abundant multi-valent nonmetal. It is commonly found in fertilizers, black gunpowder, match heads and insecticides. Sulfur probably has the coolest colors. In its crystal form sulfur is yellow, when it is burned it turns green with a blue flame, and it starts bleeding red liquid. The flame is hard to see unless in the dark. Sulfur has 25 known isotopes. It has more allotropes than any other element, over 30 known. Sulfur is known to smell bad, but at room temperature it is a solid with a slight odor. The smell of Hydrogen Sulfide is what most people know to smell bad. Elemental sulfur can be found in many regions of the Earth in hot springs and volcanic regions. Sulfur is insoluble in water, but is soluble in Carbon Disulfide. Sulfur deposits are polycrystalline, and the largest documented single crystal measured 22×16×11 cm. In most forest ecosystems sulfur comes from the atmosphere. The weathering of ore minerals also contributes some sulfur to the ecosystems of some forests. Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io’s color comes from molten and gaseous forms of Sulfur. The element is mined in volcanic regions on the Pacific Ring of Fire. Many mines are found in Indonesia, Chile and Japan. (Sam Falcon)

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 Chlorine =====

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Chlorine’s atomic radius is 79pm, it’s electron shells are [Ne]3s²3p⁵ and it’s crystal structure is base centered orthorhombic. Chlorine has an atomic weight of 35.453, a density of 3.214 g/l and an electronegativity of 3.16. Chlorine’s melting point is -101.5°C and it’s boiling point is -34.04°F. Chlorine compensates for 0.00010% of the universe, 0.00080%of the sun, 0.017%of the crust, 2% of the oceans, and finally 0.12% of the human body. Chlorine's atomic radius is 79pm, it’s electron shells are [Ne]3s²3p⁵ and it’s crystal structure is base centered orthorhombic. Chlorine has an atomic weight of 35.453, a density of 3.214 g/l and an electronegativity of 3.16. Chlorine’s melting point is -101.5°C and it’s boiling point is -34.04°F. Chlorine compensates for 0.00010% of the universe, 0.00080%of the sun, 0.017%of the crust, 2% of the oceans, and finally 0.12% of the human body. Chlorine is a diverse element, widely distributed in nature, that participates in many functions of living organisms such as nerve conduction an digestion. Chlorine is also found commonly in household chemicals such as Clorox bleach or even table salt. chlorine should be kept far from acidic material or else chlorine gas can be released. Chlorine gas was used during World War I. It served as a poison gas during the trench warfare phase. Soldiers would wait for the wind to shift towards their enemy the n open the valves on chlorine containers that had been carefully positioned along the front lines and run away. This was relatively ineffective because roughly the same number of soldiers on both sides died regardless of who had set off the gas. Even whiffs of chlorine that are to small to cause damage cause an extremely unpleasant sensation that resembles having a blowtorch held to your nostrils. however, in small amounts chlorine is one of the cheapest and most effective disinfectants that we know of. Bleaches containing It is, in fact, responsible for saving millions of lives each day through it’s use in the treatment of drinking water and waste water. It is responsible for saving many more lives than it has taken. (Anastasia Kolousek) ===== 

Argon Argons atomic number is 18, and its symbol is Ar. It is the third most common gas in Earth’s atmosphere. It is even more common than carbon dioxide. It is stable and resistant to bonding with other elements. It undergoes almost NO chemical reactions with other elements. Argon is colorless, odorless, and nontoxic as a solid, liquid or gas. It forms no known compounds at room temperature. It is a noble gas. The main isotopes of argon found on Earth are 40Ar, 36Ar, and 38Ar. Argon’s isotope composition varies greatly between different locations in the solar system. The major source of argon is the decay of potassium 40 in rocks. Argon is the cheapest alternative inert gas when nitrogen is not available. It is also used when low thermal conductivity is required. Other noble gasses would work well in theses as well, but argon much cheaper than any other noble gas. Argon is used in some high-temperature industrial processes, where ordinarily non-reactive substances become reactive. For example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning. These are industrial uses of argon. For some of these, nitrogen or oxygen being present would cause defects with the material. So the argon has to be alone. It is also a shielding gas in the poultry industry, usually for control of disease outbreaks. Argon has approximately the same solubility in water as oxygen gas and is 2.5 times more soluble in water than nitrogen gas. It is a very important gas. (Sam Falcon)

Potassium Potassium has an atomic radius of 243pm, it’s crystal structure is body centered cubic and it’s electron shells are [Ar]4s¹. Potassium’s atomic weight is 39.0983, it’s density is 0.856g/cc and it’s electronegativity is 0.82. Potassium’s melting point is 63.38ºC and it’s boiling point is 759ºC. Potassium takes up 0.00030% of the universe, 0.00040% of the sun, 1.5% of the earth’s crust, 0.042% of the ocean and finally 0.20% of the human body. Potassium, in the form of K+ ions, is crucial to nerve transmission in the body. Without is potassium a human’s fingers and toes will begin to freeze into place; when the deficiency reaches the heart you die. How do you avoid this terrible death? Eat bananas! Bananas are one of the most potassium rich foods and like all potassium rich foods they are slightly radio active. This is because about one in one hundred of one percent (0.01%) of all potassium atom’s are the radioactive isotope ⁴⁰K. Potassium is more than just a necessary ingredient in sustaining basic life, it is also one of the alkali metals. On top of that it produces an extremely amusing reaction when exposed to water that is unlike any other reaction produced by any other alkali metal in water. The instant it is exposed to water potassium bursts into lovely violet flames with such force that the flames are often spread for quite some distance in every direction. On top of all of this some scientists speculate that we would not exist without potassium. Scientist and writer Isaac Asimov speculated that in earth’s early years the level of ⁴⁰K ions was too high for intelligent life to evolve. As the levels of ⁴⁰K ions decreased it became possible for radioactive mutations to occur. Too little ⁴⁰K later on would make such mutations impossible. This theory is illogical because the window of opportunity would be too small to accomplish much, but it is an interesting idea to reflect on. (Anastasia Kolousek)



Calcium Calcium was discovered by a man from England named Sir Humphrey Davy Davy in 1808 its color is a gray silvery metal its known to be really hard, examples of calcium would be bones, leaves, teeth, and shells. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earths crust. Calcium does not occur as the metal itself in nature instead it is found in various amounts of minerals such as limestone, gypsum, and fluorite. In the cement industry calcium carbon is the basis. Calcium’s symbol is Ca, its atomic number is 20, its atomic weight is 40.078. The standard state of calcium is 298k the group in the periodic table that it is in is 2. Its group name is Alkaline earth metal the period in the periodic table it is in is 4 the block it is in is 5 and classification is metallic. Calcium metal is available for commercial sale so there’s no need to make it in the laboratory. It can be made commercially by electrolysis of molten calcium chloride. Also it can be made by the reduction of CaO with aluminum or of Ca-Cl2. Calcium is a very positive thing in life its essential for human nutrition, calcium is also needed for plant growth. (Chris Kim)

Scandium Scandium, Sc, has an atomic number of Twenty One (21). This indicates that the element has Twenty One (21) protons as well as Tweny One (21) electrons. There are Twenty four (24) neutrons in the element Scandium. Scandium is a silvery-white metallic transition metal found in Groups 3-12 on the Periodic Table. Although this element is a soft silvery transition element, it develops a slightly yellowish or pinkinsh cast when exposed to air. Scadnium can be burned very easily once ignited. It dissolves in many acids, and reacts with water to form hydrogen gas. Pure Scandium is produced by heating scandium flouride with Calcium metal. It used to be called "a rare earth element," along with yttrium and the lanthanoids. This element was found in 1879, by a man named Lars Fredrik Nilson and his team. They found it in the minerals gadolinite, and euxenite from Scandanavia. Scandium is found in most of the rare earth element, as well as in uranium deposits. Although it is found in many uranium deopsits, Scandium is only extracted from these ores in a few mines worldwide. Since Scandium was very low in availability, it took until the 1970's before spplications for Scandium were developed. Scandium is the Twenty Third (23rd) most abundant element in the sun and the Fiftieth (50th) most abundant element on Earth. The melting point for scandium is 1541degrees Celsisus, and he Boiling point for this element is 2836degrees Celsius. Scandium is composed of 1 stable naturally occuring isotope which is Sc-45. The Isotopes of Scandium range in stomice weight from 40u (Sc-40) to 54u. (Charnice Charmant)



Titanium Titanium (Ti) is a transition metal whose atomic number is 22. It has an atomic mass of 47.88 amu. A titanium atom contains 22 protons and electrons and 26 neutrons. Titanium has a density of 4.54 g/cm3 (at ** 293 K). ** Its melting point is 1660.0 °C and its boiling point is 3287.0 °C. Titanium has eight isotopes. Titanium was first discovered in 1791 England by William Gregor. It is derived from the Greek word // titanos //. Titanium is found in minerals across the earth and is the ninth most abundant element on earth. Due to titanium’s lightweight and high melting point, it is most commonly used in situations needing a lightweight strong metal with the ability to withstand extreme temperatures. Titanium is lighter than steel but has the same strength. Titanium, like platinum, has a high resistance to corrosion. Titanium is often utilized in propeller shafts, riggings and other parts of ships that are exposed to salt because it has a high resistance to salt water. Titanium alloys with metals such as aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, and iron. These alloys make up aerospace airframes and engines. Titanium dioxide is commonly used in paints which accounts for largest use of the element. Titanium is also found in coal ash, plants, the human body, the sun and meteorites. Titanium is not only found in the human body as an element, but it is also used in hip, ball and joint replacement sockets. Titanium is also the main element used in the Apple Titanium G4 Laptop. (Jonathan Richards)

//Vanandium// **Vanadium-** Vanadium is the chemical element with the symbol **V** and atomic number 23. It is located in group 5, making it a transition metal. V is neutral at 23 electrons and 23 protons and has an atomic weight of 50.9415 amu. It is a soft and malleable silver-gray metal that is naturally occurring. V was discovered in 1831 by Nils Gabriel Sefström, who named it after the Scandinavian goddess of fertility and beauty, Vanadis. It occurs naturally in about 65 different minerals and fossil fuels deposits. It is mainly used to produce special steel alloys, such as those that are used in high speed tool steels. This steel addititive is known as ferrovanadium and highly strengthens the steel that it is applied to. Vanadium pent oxide is also used as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid; V is found in many organisms as an active center of enzymes as well. Vanadium is strong against corrosion and is resistant against many acids, including sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. It has a melting point of 1910 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 3407 degrees Celsius. Vanadium is mainly mined in South Africa, north-west China and eastern Russia. All vanadium compounds should be considered toxic. (Lauren Petty)

//Chromium// This is a chemical element and the symbol is Cr the atomic number for this element is 24 and its the first element in group 6 and period 4 it has 24 electrons and protons and 28 neutrons.Its physical appearance is a steely gray and its a very hard metal if you have ever heard of the slang term chrome they were usally talking about there cars or motorcycles because chromium makes the steel of the car look very shiny and makes it stand out.Chromium has a very high melting point. Chromium is odorless and tastless and the name of the element comes the Greek word chroma which means color, because the compounds are intensely colored. This element was discover by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin in a mineral crocoite in 1797. Chromium struck huge interests in scientists because of its hardness and resistance. A major discovery was that scientists found out that if you add chromium to steel its makes the steel more resistant and hard and eventually the name of the steel is called stainless steel. Chromium is the 21st most abundant element in the earths crust. It can be found in rocks after erosion and volcanic eruptions. (Chris Kim)

Manganese Manganese (Mn) has an atomic number of 25, meaning that it also has 25 protons and 25 electrons along with 30 neutrons. This transition metal has an atomic mass of 54.93805 amu. Manganese melts at 1245.0 °C (1518.15 K, 2273.0 °F) and boils at 1962.0 °C (2235.15 K, 3563.6 °F). Its density @ 293 K is 7.43 g/cm3. Manganese has 7 isotopes, with the longest half life being 3700000 years. Manganese was discovered in 1775 by Johann Gahn. It’s derived from the Latin word // mangnes //, which means magnet. Manganese is obtained from pyrolusite, psilomelane, and rhodochrosite. It is a free element in nature and is also found in many minerals. An interesting process called Manganese phosphating is done to prevent and treat rust and corrosion on steel. Another use of manganese is its use as an industrial pigment. Manganese dioxide is a material used in standard batteries. Manganese as a steel alloy has many industrial implications. It is essential in low cost stainless steel as well as Hadfield steel, the steel used to make British helmets in the 19th and 20th centuries. At certain levels, Manganese is harmful to humans causing impaired motor skills and cognitive disorders. Manganese has been traced to shower water which could put at many as nine million Americans at risk. (Jonathan Richards)

Iron Iron’s atomic radius is 156pm; it has a cubic body center and an atomic weight of 55.845. Iron’s density is 7.874 g/cc and it’s electronegativity is 1.83. Iron’s melting point is 1538ºC and it’s boiling point is 2861ºC. Iron makes up 0.11% of the universe, 0.1% of the sun, 6.3% of earth’s crust, 0.00000030% of the oceans and 0.0060% of the human body. Iron has been used as the primary toolmaking material since the beginning of the iron age. Iron is infact the only element to have an age named after it, the other ages being stone and bronze. Other elements such as aluminum of titanium are lighter, stronger, and more corrosion resistant than iron, but iron is much cheaper. All things considered iron is the most efficient element when constructing anything that needs to be extremely large or strong, providing it is not an airplane or anything else that needs to fly. Iron’s only downside, despite it’s weight, is that it does rust easily and costs untold billions each year. These few downsides are often out weighed by iron’s distinct properties such as it’s low overall cost, ability to form an astonishing range of alloys whose properties can be finely tuned and most importantly the ease with which iron can be welded, cast, machined, forged, cold worked, tempered, hardened, annealed, drawn, and ability to take on precise and unlikely shapes that is unequal to any other medal. Iron’s role as one of the most crucial minor constituents in the human body. Many forms of life depend on irons atoms to perform tasks like transporting oxygen in their blood. Like many other metal ions iron is found at the core of important enzymes. Iron is found at the core of hemoglobin. (Anastasia Kolousek)



Cobalt Cobalt was discovered by George Brandt in 1739. George Brandt was a Swedish chemist. He was trying to prove that certain minerals would turn glass blue, and not bismuth, what was thought of at the time to make glass blue. Cobalt is a transition metal. Cobalt’s atomic weight is 58.93. It has 27 protons and neutrons. Cobalt-59 is the only naturally occurring isotope of cobalt. There are 26 isotopes of cobalt. There are only three other non-radioactive isotopes of cobalt other than Cobalt-59. Some of the radioactive isotopes of cobalt can be used in finding and treating some diseases. Cobalt is a solid at room temperature. Its melting point is 1495°C and its boiling point is 2870°C. Cobalt is found in these different minerals: cobaltite, erythrite, and smaltite. It can also be found in meteorites. The United States has to import all of its cobalt. Along with using cobalt for diseases we also use it to form different alloys that we want to have a magnetic property. It is also used for what we call super alloys, which are alloys that are rust resistant and retain their properties at high temperatures. We use it to make some things like glass, pottery, enamels, tiles, and porcelain the color blue. Cobalt is also an essential nutrient for many animals. (Jim Armfield) [|http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele027.html] [|http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/cobalt.htm] [|http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/A-C/Cobalt.html]

Nickel The silvery, hard, ductile, ferromagnetic, metallic element used in alloys, corrosion-resistant surfaces, and even batteries. Nickel, a corrosion resistant metal, has the Atomic number of 28, giving us the information to know it's number of protons are 28, as are the number of electrons in this element. The number of neutrons in Nickel is Thirty-One (31). The Atomic weight of this element is 58.6934 amu. It is classified as a Transition Metal in Group Ten (ten), and in period Four (4). Nickel was given it's name from the German word, Nickel, meaning the devil. It also comes from the German mineral niccolite, kupfernickel, which means "Old nick's copper." Nickel was discovered by a Swedish chemist by the name of Alex Fredrik Cronstedt in another mineral, niccolite (NiAs) in 1751. Although this is true, the first nickel coin of the pure metal was made in 1881. These days, most of the world's supply of nickel is mined in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada. People believe that the motherlode of nickel in ths area is an ancient meteor impact. Nickel melts at 1455C [1728 K]. Nickel boils at 2913C [3186 K]. The isotopes that occur in Nickel naturally are Ni-58, Ni-60, Ni-61, Ni64 and Ni-58 which is the most abundant [68.007% natural abundance]. The common uses of nickel inlude Coinage in U.S, stainless steel products and the production of batteries. (Charnice Charmant)



Copper Copper also known as Cu, is an element with the atomic number of 29, it has 29 protons, 29 neutrons, and 29 electrons. It has an atomic mass of 63.55. Copper is a very well known element and is often seen in its solid form. Its most common isotopes are Cu63 and Cu65, they are also the most stable of all of the isotopes. Copper is mainly found in the United States, but around the rest of the world this element, is in demand. Copper is a metal, that has a very high thermal and electrical conductivity. True copper is often very soft and maleable, and sometimes when fresh has a slight pinkish color to it. Copper has been used for thousands of years in several ways, including, a thermal conductor, an electrical conductor, and in many situations a building material. Copper has been used in many statues until people realized after years the statues loose their beauty, and often turn to a green color. The original statue of liberty was made of copper, and it also has been a major part of architectural history in general. There is even a period in time called the copper age. Copper has been a very element, and is still very important element of today, and that is why it is in such a demand. (Ryan Gajda)


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// Zinc // // Zinc (Zn) was discovered by Andreas Marggraf in 1746 and is a very common substance that occurs naturally in the environment. In fact zinc is the twenty third most abundant element in earth’s crust. Zinc is a fragile and crystalline bluish white metal, but at temperature between 110°C and 150ºC is becomes pliant and malleable. Zinc’s atomic number is thirty and it’s atomic mass is 65.37 g.mol -1. At 20ºC it’s density is 7.11 g.cm -3 and it’s electronegativity according to pauline is 1.6. Zinc melts at 420 ºC and boils at 907ºC. Zinc is primarily used for galvanizing iron. In fact 50% of zinc is used in galvanizing steel. Zinc is also and important component to the preparation of certain alloy’s and is the primary ingredient in pennies and sie casting for the automobile industry. A Zinc pigment is also used in items such as plastics, cosmetics, photocopier paper, wallpaper, and printing ink. In rubber production zinc acts as a catalyst during manufacture and as a heat disperser in the final product. Zinc is a trace element in human health and a lack zinc can result in a loss of appetite, a decreased sense of smell, slow wound healing, zinc sores and has even been proved to cause birth defects. High levels of zinc can result in anemia, skin irritation, vomiting, stomach cramps and nausea. Extremely high levels of zinc will cause arteriosclerosis and damage to the pancreas. Unborn and new born children are also extremely affected by high levels of zinc in the mother’s blood stream or milk. Naturally some foods and drinking water contains low levels of zinc, but nearby industrial sources, such as toxic waste sites, can dramatically increase the levels of zinc in that region’s food and water. Wastewater that is carelessly dumped into rivers causes abnormally high levels of zinc that contaminate the fish and other animals who inhabit that river. After fish become contaminated the abnormally high levels of zinc spread throughout the food chain. If farmland soils become polluted with Zinc then not only cattle, but also plants on that farmland will become contaminated and in many cases will not survive to pass the pollution on to a consumer. (Anastasia Kolousek) //

// ZINC FUN FACTS!!!!! // // Zinc alloys have been used since ancient times by the Asians, Greeks, Chinese and Romans. // // Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use // // Zinc oxide is used in deodorant // // Zinc is the primary metal in pennies //



//Gallium//

//Gallium’s atomic radius is 136pm, it’s electron shells are [Ar]4s²3d¹⁰4p¹ and it’s Crystal structure is base centered orthorhombic. Gallium has an atomic weight of 69.723, a density of 5.904g/cc and an electronegativity of 1.18. Gallium’s melting point is 29.76ºC and it’s boiling point is 2204ºC. Gallium makes up 0.00000100% of the universe, 0.0000040% of the sun, 0.0019% of the crust, 3.0x10¯⁹% of the oceans, and is not in the human body.// //Gallium, like mercury and cesium, is liquid at room temperature. Gallium, unlike mercury, is not known to be toxic but it will stain skin a dark brown. Gallium’s ability to melt in the palm of your hand even in the coldest climates and it’s non toxicity makes it not only invaluable in devices such as Blu-ray® devices and fever thermometers, but it can also be very amusing when played with in a plastic bag. Gallium’s low melting point is used in Gallinstan, an alloy of Gallium, indium and tin. Gallinstan is named for the first syllables of the elements that it is composed of, gall for gallium, in for indium, and stan for the latin word for tin stannum. Gallinstan is used in the making of children's fever thermometers that can not be made of mercury because of mercury’s toxicity.// //Fever thermometers are not gallium’s only use. Today gallium is most important in it’s use in semiconductor crystals. Other elements such as silicon are also used for this,but stop working above a few gigahertz while gallium operates as hight as 250 gigahertz. Light emitting diodes or LEDs also rely heavily on several various gallium alloys such as indium gallium nitride. (Anastasia Kolousek)//




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Collin Kelly- Germanium (Ge), 32Germanium is the element with the chemical symbol Ge and the atomic number 32. It is a glistening, hard metalloid with a grayish-white color. In its pure form, Germanium often extrudes long screw dislocations called germanium whiskers. The discovery and naming of this element went through many because of it rare availability on the earth’s crust; it is ranked fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements on the Earth’s crust. It was first discovered in 1869 by a Russian chemist named Dimitri Mendeleev. He predicted the existence of this unknown element which would be placed in the Carbon family in the Periodic Table of the Elements between tin and silicon. He named this element ekasilicon. In 1885, a new mineral was found in a mine in Freiberg, Saxony, and was named argyrodite because of its high silver content. A Chemist name Clemens Winkler analyzed the new element, and decided to call it neptunium. It was soon changed to Germanium after its home country, Germany. Germanium is a semiconductor with a melting point of 938.25 ° [|C]. Germanium has 5 natural occurring isotopes with the atomic masses of 70, 72, 73, 74, and 76. The isotope with the atomic mass 76 is somewhat radioactive and the isotope with the atomic mass 74 has the most common natural abundance on earth. Today, Germanium is mostly used for fiber-optic systems, infrared optics, polymerization catalysts, and for electronics and solar electric applications.



Jonathan Richards- Arsenic (As,33)  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">Arsenic contains 33 electrons and 33 protons, meaning it has an Atomic Number of 33. Abbreviated As, Arsenic contains 43 neutrons and has an atomic mass of 74.9216 amu. Arsenic melts at 817.0 °C (1090.15 K, 1502.6 °F) and boils at 613.0 °C (886.15 K, 1135.4 °F). Its density at 293 K is 5.72 g/cm3. Classified as a metalloid, Arsenic has a gray color. Out of Arsenic’s 8 isotopes, one is stable, the shortest half life is nine minutes, and the longest half life is eighty days. Arsenic is obtained from mispickel; like many other elements, it occurs in minerals but is mainly associated with sulfur and metals. Roxarsone, an arsenic compound, is controversially used as a nutritional supplement for chickens. Due to its toxicity towards insects, bacteria, and fungi, arsenic was used in a process called chromate copper senate (also known as CCA) to treat wood. Due to the current understanding about arsenic’s toxicity, it has been banned in the European Union and the United States. When arsenic was used as an insecticide for fruit trees, it leads some sprayers to have brain damage. Arsenic is currently used as animal feed for disease prevention and growth stimulation. The United States kept a stockpile of 20,000 tons of lewisite, a chemical weapon that lead to lung irritation, during World War I. This stockpile was “neutralized” by adding bleach and then dumped into the Gulf of Mexico. Chris Kim- Selunium (Se,34) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comes from the Greek word moon it is a chemical element and has to atomic number of 34, and it is represented with the sign Se. It has the atomic mass of 78.96. It is a chemically related to sulfur and tellurium. It is solid at 298k the group it is in is 16 and the group name is Chalcogen the period in the periodic table is 4. Its is in the P block its color is a grey metallic lustre its classification is non-metallic. Selenium is usually prepared with amorphous or crystalline structure. The types of selenium are crystalline monoclinic is a deep red, crystalline hexagonal selenium is known to have the most stable variety and it is metallic grey, elemental selenium is relatively not toxic and it looks like arsenic. Selenium occur in soils it produces serious effects on animals feeding on plants. It is used usually in the glass industries to make ruby colored glasses and it is also used in the photographic equipment and also TV cameras. Selenium is recovered in a very odd way by roasting mud with soda. It has 34 electrons and protons and has 45 neutrons.

Anastasia Kolousek- Selenium(Se, 34) Selenium’s atomic radius is 103pm, it’s electron shells are [Ar]4s²3d¹⁰4p⁴, and it’s crystal structure is simple monoclinic. Selenium’s atomic weight is 78.96, it’s density is 4.819g/cc, and it’s electronegativity is 2.55. Selenium has a melting point of 221ºC and it’s boiling point is 685ºC. Selenium makes up 0.0000030% of the universe, no portion of the sun, 0.0000050% of the crust, 0.000000045% of the oceans, and finally 0.0000050% of the human body. In small amounts selenium is an essential nutrient, gut too much can be excessively toxic. Selenium is unlike most elements because people, animals and plants commonly suffer from a shortage or a surplus of it depending on the soil of the climate they live in. Some plants require far more selenium than others and the presence of high selenium plants such as locoweed can be an excellent indicator of high selenium levels in the soil. Brazil nuts, a product of a plant that lives in high selenium soil, are extremely high in selenium. All other facts aside, the principle modern interest in selenium is in it’s response to light. Even though it has become nearly obsolete in the camera industry because of the change from antique cameras with separate light boxes to digital cameras selenium is still essential in modern technology. Selenium is frequently used in photocopiers and laser printers. A cylinder that is in a dark space is coated in selenium. When that cylinder is exposed to light it produces a static charge. The static charge remains where the image is the darkest forming a copy of the original image in black powder. as paper is rolled by the image and picks up the black powder that will later be fused onto the paper with heated rollers. This process was for the most part unsuccessful before selenium was founded.

Ryan Gajda- Bromine(Br,35),

The element Bromine has an atomic number of thirty five, and has thirty five protons, thirty five neutrons, and thirty five electrons. Bromine is in the halogen group on the periodic table of elements. The element Bromine has a symbol of Br, and is a commonly recognized element. Bromine is often seen as a gas and not often seen in its other forms. Bromine vapors are very corrosive and toxic and bad for humans for the most part. A shocking fact is that in 2007, 556,000 metric tons of Bromine were produced. Bromine although it can be harmful, can also be helpful, because it is used in fire retardants, along with helping in the process to manufacture chemicals. Bromine exists as a diatomic molecule in the universe. Some common and stable isotopes of Bromine are Br79 and Br81, and are often found in our environment. Bromine is commonly found in the United States and many other places around the world, and it is very abundant for the most part, at this point in time. Many of the isotopes are products of fission. Bromine is a very helpful and harmful element, and it is very abundant on earth. Although Bromine can be helpful, I feel like it is being overused and will eventually cause problems with the environment.

Jonathan Richards- Krypton (Kr,36) Krypton, also known as Kr, is one of the few noble gases. With an atomic number of 36, it has 36 protons and 36 electrons along with 48 neutrons. Its atomic mass is 83.8 amu and a density of 3.74 g/cm3 ( @ 293 K). Krypton melts at -157.2 °C and boils at -153.4 °C. Krypton is a colorless gas and has 15 isotopes. Krypton was discovered by Sir William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898. It is derived from the Greek word // kryptos, //which means hidden. It is obtained from liquid air and is used in photographic bulbs, gas discharge lamps, and fluorescent lamps. Krypton is utilized in lighting because when an electric charge is sent through it, it emits a very bright light. Airport runway lights utilize krypton in such a way that the light is not always burning, but rather blinking at a constant rate. Krypton is also often used in neon lights; krypton emits a yellow glow in neon lights. For commercial purchase, 100 grams of Krypton costs $33. Krypton is rarely found on Earth’s crust. It is formed when uranium and other radioactive elements break down. It is approximately 0.000108 to 0.000114 percent or the atmosphere. ** __NOT__ **
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Jonathan Richards- Rubidium (Pb,37) Rubidium is one of the elite Alkali Metal that has a silver color. Rubidium has an atomic number of 37, meaning it has 37 protons and 37 electrons. Along with its 37 protons it has 48 neutrons. Rubidium has a mass of 85.4678 amu. Rubidium melts at 38.89 °C (312.04 K, 102.002 °F) and boils at 688.0 °C (961.15 K, 1270.4 °F). At 293 K, its density is 1.532 g/cm3. Rubidium has 11 isotopes, comprised of one stable isotope, with the highest half life being 4.8E10 years and the lowest half life being 2.25 minutes.

Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by R. Bunsen. The word Rubidium was derived from Latin word Rubidium which means red.
=== Rubidium is often used in fire works to create a purple color. Other than that, it is most often utilized in scientific experiments regarding chemical and electrical fields. Rubidium must be kept under a dry mineral oil and is usually sealed in glass in inert atmospheres due to the fact that it violently reacts with water and has been known to cause fires. Rubidium is the twenty third most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. Rubidium often occurs in leucite, pollucite, carnallite and zinnwaldite. Large deposits of Rubidium are found at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. ===



// Chris Kim- Strontium (Sr,38) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> is a chemical element with the symbol Sr and the atomic number is 38. It is an earth metal it is a soft silver- white or yellowish metallic element that’s is very chemically reactive. The metal turns yellow when it is exposed to air the named strontium comes from a village in Scotland from where the mineral was first found the village is called Strontian. Atomic mass is 87.62 it is in group two and period five and block s. Strontium is known to be very soft, softer then calcium and it is very reactive in water. Since it is very reactive with oxygen and water the element only occurs naturally in compounds with other elements, such as minerals such as Strontianite and Celestite. It is kept under a liquid carbon to prevent it from oxidation. In 2007 China was the top producer of Strontium it is known to be the 15th most abundant element on earth. Metal can be made with Strontium by the electrolysis of melted Strontium chloride mixed with potassium chloride. The most primary use for Strontium is for television its compounds are in the glass cathode ray tubes to prevent x- ray emission it can also be used for treatment for bone cancer and is used for cancer therapy Strontium is very similar to Calcium for the effects on our bodies. //

//Lauren Petty- Yttrium (Y,39),// //<span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**Yttrium-** Yttrium, also known as Y, has the atomic number of 39, placing it in group 3. It is a transition metal with a lustrous silvery-metallic color and is classified as a rare earth element. When neutral, Y has 39 protons and 39 electrons. It melts at 1526 degrees Celsius and has a boiling point of 3336 degrees Celsius. It is never found naturally on earth except in its most stable isotope, 39Y. Carl Axel Arrhenius discovered Yttrium in 1787 and named it after Ytterby, Sweden, the small village in which he discovered it. It was first isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. The primary use of Yttrium is in the making of phosphors, such as those used in television cathode ray tube displays. However, it is also used in the production of electrodes, lasers and electronic filters and in the making of synthetic garnets. It is sometimes used in the radiation that can help cure some cancers including lymphoma, leukemia, and bone cancer. About 31 ppm of the Earth’s crust is Yttrium, making it the 28th most abundant element. There is also about 0.5 milligrams of Y found in the human body, mainly in the kidney, liver, lungs and bones. //

//Peter Seifarth- Zirconium (Zr,40),//

<span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol **Zr** and atomic number 40. Its atomic mass is 91.224. It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium. Zirconium is used as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. It is never found as a native metal; it is obtained mainly from the mineral zircon, which can be purified with chlorine. Zirconium was first isolated in an impure form in 1824 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius. Zirconium has no known biological role. Zirconium forms both inorganic and organometallic compounds such as zirconium dioxide and zirconocene dichloride, respectively. There are five naturally occurring isotopes, three of which are stable. Short-term exposure to zirconium powder causes minor irritation, and inhalation of zirconium compounds can cause skin and lung granulomas. Because of zirconium's excellent resistance to corrosion, it is often used as an alloying agent in materials that are exposed to corrosive agents, such as surgical appliances, explosive primers, vacuum tube getters and filaments. Ninety percent of all zirconium produced is used in nuclear reactors (in the form of zircaloys) because of its low neutron-capture cross-section and resistance to corrosion. Short-term exposure to zirconium powder can cause irritation, but only contact with the eyes requires medical attention.

Ryan Gajda- Niobium(Nb,41) Niobium also known as Nb, has the atomic number of 41, and it has 41 neutrons, 41 protons, and 41 electrons. Niobium, or Nb has an atomic mass of 92.21. It is a transition metal, and is often seen in a solid form. Many scientists say that the qualities of niobium are very similar, to the element tantalum, and it makes them very hard to distinguish from one another. Some common isotopes of niobium are NB91, NB92, NB93, NB94, and NB95. All of these isotopes are also considered very stable. The founder of Niobium was the English chemist Charles Hatchett, and it was because he noticed a slight difference from tantalum which caused this discovery. Niobium is very rare, soft, grey metal. Niobium is often found in minerals just like Beryllium. Niobium was not used until the 20th century commercially, and is still not an often used because of its rarity. Brazil is the number one producer of Niobium, and it is often the largest part in special steel. Niobium is mostly used in alloys which go into special steel like I previously mentioned. It is also used in welding, nuclear industries, electronics, optics, numismatics, and jewelry. Niobium, although it is very rare, is a very useful element, that is not harmful to the environment, and it should be recognized more for its importance of modern day today.

Lauren Petty- Molybdenum (Mo,42), <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">** Molybdenum- ** Molybdenum, also known as Mo, has an atomic number of 42 on the periodic table of the elements, placing it in group 6. When neutral, it has 42 electrons and 42 protons and has an amu of 95.94 grams/mole. Mo has the sixth highest melting point of all of the elements of the periodic table; it melts at 2623 degrees Celsius and has a boiling point of 4639 degrees Celsius. It is extremely hard and not malleable so it is often used in high-strength steel alloys and in high-pressure applications. Mo does not occur freely in nature but is found in various oxidation states of minerals. It was discovered in 1778 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele and first isolated by Peter Jacob Hjelm in 1781. For a long time, molybdenum had no obvious uses until 1894 when the French used it in steel armor plates to strengthen the metal. Some scientists think that Mo was important in the formation of life on earth because it allows biological nitrogen fixation. It is the 54th most common occurring element in the earth’s crust and 25th most abundant in the oceans. Though mainly used to strengthen metal alloys, Mo can also be used as a catalyst.

Chris Kim- Technetium (Tc,43)

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Technetium has been found in some types of stars such as S-, M-, N-. Its leading to new theories of production of heavy elements in stars. Its color is a silvery-grey metal that tarnishes slowly in moist air. Around 1960 technetium was only provided in small amounts. Technetium has really close ties with rhenium. Its symbol is Tc and the atomic number is 43 atomic weight is 98 the atomic weight is 97 the group in periodic table is 7 the period in periodic table is 5 black in periodic table is D classification is metallic. Technetium is radioactive and is a byproduct for nuclear industries its a product from uranium decay because of the large amount of nuclear industries its possible to make a large amount of technetium. The element was made by a reaction of sulphide and hydrogen at 1100 Celsius. The element was discovered in 1925 and its first name was masurium. It was discovered to be a element in 1937 in Italy by Perrier and Segre. Technetium is actually the first element to be produced artificially. Technetium dissolves in nitric acid, aqua regia, and concentrated sulfuric acid. The cost of Technetium in 1960 in small amounts is $2,800 per gram. Its only now available for people with O.R.N.L permits and now costs $60 per gram.

Peter Seifarth- Ruthenium (Ru,44),

Ruthenium

// is the is the // //chemical element with the atomic number 44, and is represented by the symbol ** Ru **. It is a rare transition metal // // of the of the // //platinum group // // of the of the // //periodic table; and like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. The Russian scientist Karl Klaus discovered the element in 1844 and named it after Ruthenia, the Latin word for Rus'. Ruthenium is found associated with platinum ores. Ruthenium is a minor component in these ores and therefore is a relatively rare element. Most ruthenium is used for wear-resistant electrical contacts and the production of thick-film resistors. A minor application of ruthenium is its use in some platinum alloys. Ruthenium A polyvalent hard white metal, ruthenium is a member of the platinum group // // and is in and is in // //group 8 of the periodic table. Naturally occurring ruthenium is composed of seven stable isotopes. Additionally, 34 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Roughly 12 tonnes of Ru is mined each year with world reserves estimated as 5,000 tonnes. The composition of the mined platinum group metal (PGM) mixtures varies in a wide range depending on the geochemical formation. For example, the PGMs mined in South Africa contain on average 11% ruthenium while the PGMs mined in the USSR contain only 2% based on research dating from 1992. Ruthenium, like the other platinum group metals, is obtained commercially as a by-product from nickel // // and and // //copper mining and processing as well as by the processing of platinum group metal ores.//

//Lauren Petty- Rhodium (Rh,45),// //<span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Rhodium-Rhodium, also known as Rh on the periodic table, has the atomic number of 45 which places it in column 9, also making it a transisition metal. When neutral, it has 45 electrons, 45 protons and 58 neutrons. It has an atomic weight of 102.9 and is extremely inert to corrosion and most aggressive chemicals. Rh is an extremely rare precious metal and is about 80,000 U.S. dollars per kilogram. It has a pleasant silvery-white color, a high reflectance and is extremely durable. Many times, a precious metal will be coated with rhodium to prevent tarnish, particularly sterling silver. It is found in platinum, silver, nickel, palladium, gold and other such ores that are extracted from mining. It has a very high melting point of 1964 digress Celsius and boils at 3695 degrees Celsius. Rhodium detectors are often used in nuclear reactors to measure the neutron flux level. Rh was discovered in 1803 William Hyde Wollaston who also discovered palladium. It fist uses were mainly aesthetic, as the silvery white color is pleasing to the eye. It was also used in the early 1800’s to prevent the corrosion and tarnish of precious metals, as it is also used today. //

Collin Kelly- Palladium (Pd) 46

Palladium is the element with the atomic number 46 and the chemical symbol Pd. Its atomic mass is 106.42  g·mol−1. It is a rare lustrous metal with a silvery white color. Hyde Wollaston discovered Palladium in 1803 in South America, and he named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered 2 years prior. The element can be found mostly in Russia, followed by South America, Canada, and then the United States. Palladium belongs to a group in the Periodic Table of the Elements called the platinum metals which include platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium. This group shares many chemical properties, but Palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of the metals; its melting point is 1554.9 ° <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; padding-right: 10px;">[|C]. It is very soft and ductile when heated but greatly strengthens and hardens when cooled. Palladium has seven isotopes with six being stable. The common stable isotope has the atomic mass of 106. The isotopes with atomic masses 107, 103, and 100 are radioisotopes, or atoms with unstable nuclei. Palladium is used worldwide in all types of manufacturing. One in four items manufactured today either contains platinum group metals or had platinum group metals used in the manufacturing process. Palladium is mostly used in catalytic converters, but it is also used in watch making, electronics, dentistry, jewelry, and in the production of surgical instruments and electrical contacts.

Collin Kelly- Silver (Ag) 47 Silver is a metallic element with the atomic number 47 and the chemical symbol Ag. Its atomic mass is 107.8682 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">g·mol−1. It is a transition metal with the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. Silver has been seen as a precious metal thousands of years and has been used for so many things including the production of jewelry, currency coins, ornaments, photography, utensils, and table-ware. It has always been put in a place second to gold. Silver was widely used as currency in the Roman Empire and during medieval times. There have been recordings of the use of silver in medicine in ancient Greece and Rome. Later it was rediscovered in the middle ages to be used for more medical purposes. Silver has even been recorded in the bible as currency between religious leaders in Jerusalem and Romans. Peru and Mexico have been major providers of silver since 1546 with Peru being the leading country in producing silver in 2007. Silver has a melting point of 961.78°C and a boiling point of 2162 °C. Silver occurs naturally on earth as a white, silver, and soft metal as an alloy of gold, or it is created as a by-product of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining. It is very malleable especially for its usage in coin currency. Silver has 2 stable isotopes with the atomic masses of 107 and 109; the isotope with the atomic mass 107 is the most abundant.



__Charnice O. Charmant__ -Cadmium __**(Cd,48)**__

The element, Cadmium, has an atomic number of fourty eight (48). This atomic number indicates that This element has fourty eight (48) protons as well as electrons. Cadmium has sixty four (64) neutrons. This transition metal's physical properties include a silvery color. It is found in Period five, and group twwelve. The atomic mass of cadmium is 112.4111amu. The melting point of Cadmium is 320.9degrees Celsius (594.05K), and the boiling point of the element is 765.Odegrees celsius (1038.1k). Cadmium was discovered in the early 19th century (around 1817) by Fredrich Stromeyer while he was studying samples of calamine. When he heated the calamine, he saw that the color in some samples changed to a yellow glow. Small amounts of Cadmium are found in zinc ores, and most of cadmium produced today is obtained by a byproduct of mining and refining zinc. It's name is derived from the greek word KADMEIA, which is an ancient name for calamine. Also, Cadnium comes form the latin word CADMIA, which also means calamine. Cadmium is a poisonous transition metal that can be found in nickel-cadmium batteries. Naturally occuring cadmium is composed of 8 different isotopes. The two natural tadioactive isotopes of Cadmium are Cd-113, and Cd-116. The three stable isotopes are Dc-110, Cd-111 and Cd-112. The rest of the isotopes incude Cd-106, Cd-108 and Cd-114. Cadmium is easily cut with a knife and is commonly used in coating and plating, barriers to control nuclear fission, televisions, Nickel Cadmium and Nickel Cadmium batteries.



Peter Seifarth- Indium (In,49) <span style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"> Indium is a chemical element with chemical symbol **In** and atomic number 49. This rare, very soft, malleable and easily fusible post-transition metal is chemically similar to aluminum or gallium. Zinc ores are the primary source of indium. It is named for the indigo blue line in its spectrum that was the first indication of its existence in ores, as a new and unknown element. Indium's current primary application is to form transparent electrodes from indium tin oxide in liquid crystal displays and touch screens, and this use largely determines its global mining production. It is widely used in thin-films to form lubricated layers (during World War II it was widely used to coat bearings in high-performance aircraft). It is also used for making particularly low melting point alloys, and is a component in some lead-free solders. Radioactive indium-111 is used in indium leukocyte imaging, a nuclear medicine test which uses the isotope as an imaging agent to follow the movement of leukocytes in the body. Indium is a very soft, silvery-white, relatively rare true metal with a bright luster. As a pure metal, indium emits a high-pitched "cry", when it is bent. Both gallium and indium are able to wet glass. In 1863 the German chemists Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter were testing ores from the mines around Freiberg, Saxony. They dissolved the minerals pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena and sphalerite in hydrochloric acid and distilled the raw zinc chloride. As it was known that ores from that region sometimes contain thallium they searched for the green emission lines with spectroscopic methods. The green lines were absent but a blue line was present in the spectrum. As no element was known with a bright blue emission they concluded that a new element was present in the minerals. Lauren Petty- Tin (Sn,50) <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**Tin-** Also known as Sn on the periodic table, tin has an atomic weight of 118.710 and its atomic number is 50. It is a silvery-white metal that is malleable at room temperature but when placed in temperatures under 13.2 degrees Celsius, it becomes brittle and fades to gray. Tin has 10 stable isotopes, having the greatest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table. When neutral, it has 50 electrons, 50 protons and 69 neutrons. When copper and tin are combined, it creates the alloy bronze which has been used since 3000BCE. Tin is also the main element in pewter, along with copper and led. Because of its low toxicity, tin is also often used for food packaging; it can also be used to coat other metals, to prevent corrosion. When a bar of tin is bent, it creates a crackling sound known as the “tin cry”. Tin also acts a catalyst when oxygen is introduced to the solution, helping to speed chemical reactions. Most tin on earth comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria; Cornwall in England is also famous for its tin mines. Though tin itself is not toxic, all of its compounds should be regarded as toxic.

<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Art Hanner-antimony (Sb,51) Antimony has a chemical symbol of Sb and a number of 51. The atomic weight is 121.760 amu and antimony is a solid at 298 K or 25 degrees C. Antimony is in the fifth period and 13th group. it is semi-metallic and in its metallic form it is a bluish - white in colour. Antimony is not abundant but can be obtained by melting the ore and extracting stibnite, Sb <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 2 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> S <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 3 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as a byproduct. Antimony and most of its byproducts are toxic to humans and should be handled with extreme care; the recommended limit of antimony dust is 0.5 mg per cubic meter and atmospheric concentrations of stibnite are not to exceed 0.1 ppm. Antimony is finding uses in the semiconductor world in inferred detectors and diodes. Antimony burns a brilliant white with the formation of Sb <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 2 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> O <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 3 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> fumes. Antimony greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of many metals when mixed to form alloys. Molecules containing antimony, such as oxides, sulfides sodium anitmonate and antimony trichloride, are commonly used in the manufacture of fireproofing, paints, ceramic enamels, glass and pottery. Tartar emectic (hydrated potassium antimonyltartate) is used in medicine and is the only current medical use of antimony.(CRC and webelements.com)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Art Hanner-tellurium (Te,52) Tellurium is a semi-metal with the chemical symbol of Te. It also has the atomic number of 52 and the atomic mass of 127.30 amu. Tellurium is a solid at room temperature. When it is pure it has a silvery lustrous grey appearance. The melting point of tellurium is 298 Kelvin. Telluruim is a type p semi conductor. This means that depending on the direction of the crystals in the solid it has a different conductivity. Tellurium is toxic but at the moment there are no confirmed cases were it has killed some one but it should still be handled with care. When humans are exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/cm <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 3 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> they develop tellurium breath. this gives people a garlic like odour. Tellurium burns a greenish- blue and when melted tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel. Tellurium is commonly used as an additive to make stainless steel and copper more machinable. It is also used with lead to make lead that is resistant to sulfuric acid. Tellurium is also found in thermoelectric devices and blasting caps. Tellurium costs $100 per pound of 99.5% pure tellurium. It is commonly available in the consumer and educational markets so there is little need to refine tellurium in the lab. (webelements.com, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; padding-right: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [| __http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/52.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> )

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Art Hanner-iodine (I,53) ( <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; padding-right: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [| __http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/53.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ) Iodine has the chemical symbol of I, that atomic number of 53 and the atomic weight of 126.90 amu. It has a melting point of 113.7 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 184.4 degrees Celsius. Ultrapure iodine can be obtained with the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate, but there are other ways to obtain pure iodine. Kelp is the main source of natural iodine because it iodine is found in small quantities in salt water and the kelp filters it out for use in the plant. Iodine is a blueish-black lustrous solid that when mixed into solution commonly makes a beautiful deep purple, it is only slightly soluble in water. when exposed to normal temperatures iodine volatilizes into a blue-violet gas with an irritating odor. Of the 30 isotopes of iodine only one, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 127 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> I, is stable and found in nature. lack of iodine is the cause of goiter, the enlargement of the thyroid gland that usually results in death. iodine is not toxic but extreme care should be used when handling it. the iodine vapors are irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes as well as contact with the skin can cause lesions. the maximum allowable amount of iodine vapors in the air is 1milligram per cubic meter in an eight hour time period.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Art Hanner-Xenon (Xe,54) (webelements.com, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; padding-right: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [| __http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/54.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ) Xenon has a chemical formula of Xe and the atomic number of 54. The atomic mass of xenon is 131.2 amu. It is a colourless, oddourless, inert gas. Xenon is commonly found in blue neon lighting tubes and in strobe lights. before 1960 it was thought that all the noble or inert gasses could not form compunds but to day there are eight known compounds with xenon. They are xenon hydrate, sodium perxenate, xenon deuterate, difluoride, tetrafluoride, hexafluoride, XePtF6, XeRhF6. The only highly explosive compound with xenon is xenon trioxide, XeO3. To obtain metallic xenon, several hundred kilobars of pressure need to be applied. the melting point of xenon is -111.79 degrees C and the boiling point is -108.12 degrees C. Xenon is commercially obtained by removing it from liquid air. Xenon gas is used in making electron tubes and bactericidal lamps, which are used in sterilization. Xenon is also used in nuclear energy in that it is used in probes and bubble chambers. it is also used as a neutron irradiation in air cooled nuclear facilities. Xenon is available in sealed glass tubes with a standard pressure. Xenon is not toxic on its own but its compounds are highly toxic.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Art Hanner-cesium (Cs, 55) Cesium has the chemical symbol of Cs, and has an atomic weight of 132.9055 amu. it also has the atomic number of 55. Cesium was discovered spectroscopically by Bunsen and Kitchoff in 1860 in mineral water from Dűrkeim. Cesium is an alkaili metal that occurs in pollucite ( a hydrated silicate of aluminium and cesium) and other sources. the richest deposit known to man of cesium is at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. there is approximately 300 000 tons of pollucite averaging 20% cesium. there are many ways to obtain cesium. one of which is to use thermal decomposition on cesium azide. thermal decomposition is the process of heating the compound until the chemical bonds are broken. cesium is one of only three metals that is a liquid at room tempature. cesium has an explosive reaction to cold water and ice at any tempature above -116 degrees Celsius. cesium hydroxide is the strongest know base and attacks glass. cesium has found research capability in ion propulsion. cesium has also found great use in atomic clocks that are acurate to five seconds in 300 years. cesium also has a great affinity for oxygen and is commonly used as a “getter” in electron tubes. electron tubes are used in fluorescent and neon lighting and research. (crc)

Sam Falcon: Carbon

--Sam Falcon

Sulfur Sulfur is a chemical element and has an atomic number of 16 on the periodic table of elements. It has the atomic symbol “S” and is an abundant multi-valent nonmetal. It is commonly found in fertilizers, black gunpowder, match heads and insecticides. Sulfur probably has the coolest colors. In its crystal form sulfur is yellow, when it is burned it turns green with a blue flame, and it starts bleeding red liquid. The flame is hard to see unless in the dark. Sulfur has 25 known isotopes. It has more allotropes than any other element, over 30 known. Sulfur is known to smell bad, but at room temperature it is a solid with a slight odor. The smell of Hydrogen Sulfide is what most people know to smell bad. Elemental sulfur can be found in many regions of the Earth in hot springs and volcanic regions. Sulfur is insoluble in water, but is soluble in Carbon Disulfide. Sulfur deposits are polycrystalline, and the largest documented single crystal measured 22×16×11 cm. In most forest ecosystems sulfur comes from the atmosphere. The weathering of ore minerals also contributes some sulfur to the ecosystems of some forests. Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io’s color comes from molten and gaseous forms of Sulfur. The element is mined in volcanic regions on the Pacific Ring of Fire. Many mines are found in Indonesia, Chile and Japan. --Sam Falcon

Silicon Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass. It has an atomic number of 14 on the periodic table and it’s symbol is “Si”. It is almost the most abundant element in Earth’s crust, second only to Oxygen. Silicon has many industrial uses. It is used widely in semi-conductor devices. Silicon reacts halogens, but most acids do not affect it. In its pure crystal form, silicon is a gray color, with a metallic shine. Silicon is one of the few elements that is denser in its liquid form than in its solid form. Silicon makes up 25.7 percent of the Earth’s crust. In the form of silica and silicates, silicon forms useful glasses, cements, and ceramics. It is very important to the metabolism of plants, including many grasses and silicic acid. Silicon is very rarely found in its pure elemental nature. It is more commonly found in the forms of dust, sands, and planetoids and planets. The second largest use of silicon, about 40%, is as a raw material in the production of silicones. Which are compounds containing silicon-oxygen bonds. Pure silicon is used to produce ultra-pure silicon wafers used in the semiconductor industry, in electronics and in photovoltaic applications. Silicones are used waterproofing treatments; molding compounds are mold-release agents, mechanical seals, high temperature greases and waxes, caulking compounds and even in breast implants. Silica from sand is a principal component of glass. Glass can be made into a great variety of shapes and with many different physical properties. --Sam Falcon

Argon Argons atomic number is 18, and its symbol is Ar. It is the third most common gas in Earth’s atmosphere. It is even more common than carbon dioxide. It is stable and resistant to bonding with other elements. It undergoes almost NO chemical reactions with other elements. Argon is colorless, odorless, and nontoxic as a solid, liquid or gas. It forms no known compounds at room temperature. It is a noble gas. The main isotopes of argon found on Earth are 40Ar , 36Ar, and 38Ar. Argon’s isotope composition varies greatly between different locations in the solar system. The major source of argon is the decay of potassium 40 in rocks. Argon is the cheapest alternative inert gas when nitrogen is not available. It is also used when low thermal conductivity is required. Other noble gasses would work well in theses as well, but argon much cheaper than any other noble gas. Argon is used in some high-temperature industrial processes, where ordinarily non-reactive substances become reactive. For example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning. These are industrial uses of argon. For some of these, nitrogen or oxygen being present would cause defects with the material. So the argon has to be alone. It is also a shielding gas in the poultry industry, usually for control of disease outbreaks. Argon has approximately the same solubility in water as oxygen gas and is 2.5 times more soluble in water than nitrogen gas. It is a very important gas. --Sam Falcon