1930-1939

Kate Yoo - 1930 =** Hans Fischer **=  **Hans Fischer (1881-1945)** - Hans Fischer was a German organic chemist, and he was awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1930. - Fischer was born in Höchst on Main. He went to a primary school in Stuttgart, and later to the "Humanistisches Gymnasium" in Wiesbaden, matriculating in 1899. - He received his chemistry degree under T. Zincke at Marburg in 1904; two years later, in 1906, a licence for medicine was conferred on him, and he qualified for his M.D. in 1908. - He spent his first working years at the Second Medical Clinic in Munich under Emil Fischer. - In 1916, Fischer followed the invitation of the University of Innsbruck to succeed Windaus as Professor of Medical Chemistry; from there he went to the University of Vienna in 1918.
 * **Early Life**

- Fischer studied in organic chemistry and natural products chemistry. - His scientific work was mostly related with the investigation of the constitutive properties of the biological molecules such as hemoglobin, chlorophyll, and the bile pigments.  
 * **Science Studies **

- Fischer showed that hemin, the nonprotein and iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin molecule, consists of a system of four pyrrole rings, linked by bridges with iron in the center. - The main reason for his accomplishments was the synthesis of these natural pyrrole pigments. - He synthesized hemin and broadly investigated similar molecules, the porphyrins, in 1929; he was awarded the Nobel Prize for this work in 1930.
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nobel Prize **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Fischer turned to the chlorophylls and showed that they are substituted porphins with magnesium rather than iron in the center. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He also proved that bile acids were degraded porphins, and he synthesized bilirubin in 1944. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He studied the yellow pigment carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, and the porphyrins, which are iron-free derivatives of hemin, widely distributed in nature and secreted by humans in certain diseases.
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Accomplishments **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He published his numerous papers in //Liebigs Annalen der Chemie// and //Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie//. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <//Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie//> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Fischer married Wiltrud Haufe in 1935. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Fischer took his life at the end of World War II after his laboratories had been destroyed in the bombing of Munich.
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Other Information **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**-** [] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- [] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- []
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Citations **

Matt 1931

Carl Bosch

Friedrich Bergius

__The WINNERS of the 1931 Nobel Prize, were awarded for their pioneering efforts in the field of chemical high pressure methods. Carl Bosch was born in Cologne Germany in the year of 1874; studying metallurgy and mechanical engineering from the year of 1894 to 1896 at the Techische Hoschule in Charlottenburg. Friedrich Bergius was born on October 11, 1884, in Goldschmiden. Belonging to a family of well reknown scientists, theologians, civil servants, and bussiness men: Freddy excelled at his carreer. He entered the University of Bergius in 1903 and later got his degree in Leipzig during the year of 1907. Both men excelled in the fields of chemistry and effected many scientist from the areas of Germany and America. Carl died on April 26, 1940 and Fred on March 30, 1949.__

Jonathan- 1934 The winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934 was Harold Urey for his discovery of heavy hydrogen. Urey was born in the U.S. in 1839 and was known in the fields of physical and nuclear chemistry. He studied under many well known scientists including Neils Bohr and was involved in the atomic bomb project. He got the Nobel Prize in 1934 for the isolation of heavy hydrogen. He did this by distilling liquid hydrogen. Urey discovered his love for science in his early years and was the son of a Reverend in Indiana. He also spent many years in colleges doing lots of studies in the nuclear field. Harold C. Urey

Latianna- 1935

<span style="background: white; height: 180.75pt; line-height: normal; margin: -28.5pt 0in 15pt 348pt; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 127.5pt; z-index: 1;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Frédéric Joliot **

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Born: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> 19 March 1900, Paris, France

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Died: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> 14 August 1958, Paris, France

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Affiliation at the time of the award: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Institut du Radium, Paris, France

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Prize motivation: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> "in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements"

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Field: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Nuclear Chemistry

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">He was a graduate of the Ecole de Physique et Chimie of the city of Paris. In 1925 he became, at the Radium Institute, assistant to Marie Curie, who he married in 1926. He obtained his Doctor of Science degree in 1930, having prepared a thesis on the electrochemistry of radio-elements, and became a lecturer in the Paris Faculty of Science in 1935. In particular he and his wife worked on the projection of nuclei, which was an essential step in the discovery of the neutron and the positron. However, their greatest discovery was artificial radioactivity in 1934. In 1937 he was nominated Professor at the Collège de France. He left the Radium Institute and had built for his new laboratory of nuclear chemistry the first cyclotron in Western Europe. Frederic Joliot-Curie took a considerable part in politics and was elected President of the World Peace Council. On the death of Irene Joliot-Curie, in 1956, he became, while still retaining his professorship at the Collège de France, holder of the Chair of Nuclear Physics.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Irène Joliot-Curie[[image:http://images.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/joliot-curie_postcard.jpg width="112" height="156" align="right" caption="Irène Joliot-Curie"]] **

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Born: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> 12 September 1897, Paris, France

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Died: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> 17 March 1956, Paris, France

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Affiliation at the time of the award: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Institut du Radium, Paris, France

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Prize motivation: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> "in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements"

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Field: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Nuclear chemistry

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">After having started her studies at the Faculty of Science in Paris, she served as a nurse radiographer during the First World War. She became a Doctor of Science in 1925, having prepared a thesis on the alpha rays of polonium. Either alone or in collaboration with her husband, she did important work on natural and artificial radioactivity, transmutation of elements, and nuclear physics; she **shared** the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1935 with him. In 1938 her research on the action of neutrons on the heavy elements, was an important step in the discovery of uranium fisssion. Irene became a Professor in the Faculty of Science in Paris in 1937, and afterwards Director of the Radium Institute in 1946. She was a member of several foreign academies and became part of numerous scientific societies, had honorary doctor's degrees of several universities, and was an Officer of the Legion of Honour.

1936 - Alex: Peter Debye <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Peter Debye** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1884-1966) was a Dutch chemist and phyicist who won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for “his contributions to the study of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of x-rays and electrons in gases.”

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Debye was born in Maastricht, Netherlands in March 1884. He received his primary and secondary education there before attending the Aachen Institute of Technology in Germany from 1901 to 1905, when he graduated with a degree in electrical engineering. He was such an promising student, especially in physics and mathematics, that his theoretical physics instructor, Arnold Summerfield, later said that his most important discovery way Debye.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Following his graduation, he moved to Munich University, where he carried out his graduate work and received a PhD in theoretical physics in 1908, writing a dissertation on radiation pressure, the pressure that electromagnetic radiation exerts on a surface.. In 1907, he published his first paper, a mathematical description of eddy currents. Following this, Debye took a position as a professor at the University of Zurich (Albert Einstein’s old professorship), and spent the next several years moving around, taking professorships at several different European universities.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> His most important scientific work, beginning in 1912, was on the relation between dipole moments and the shape of a molecule: he developed an equation which allowed him to calculate bond angles and the degree of polarity of covalent bonds using the concept of dipole moment. At around this same time, he followed up on Albert Einstein’s seminal work on specific heat, developing the Debye model and showing the effect of phonons on specific heat.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> After refining the Bohr model of the atom, introducing the idea of elliptical electron orbits, he did quite a bit of work with X-ray crystallography from 1914-1915. In X-ray crystallography, a beam of X-rays is shot at a crystal, and the diffracted beams that result can be measured and analyzed in order to find the density of the electrons within the crystal in three dimensions. From this, Debye was able to figure out the bond types and atomic structure of various crystalline solids.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> From 1934 to 1939, Debye headed up the prestigious Max Planck Institute, once more following in the footsteps of Albert Einstein. During this time, however, his scientific zeal was hindered by politics. He sent out a communique demanding that all Jews resign their positions, a move that is controversial even today. Some say that Debye was a Nazi activist and Hitler supporter, while others maintain that he was forced to fire the Jews and that in fact, he despised Nazi Germany. This view is backed up by the fact that he once risked his life to help some Jewish friends escape Germany into the Netherlands, but it is also a fact that in later life, after moving to the United States, he sent a telegram to Germany saying that he was willing to return to his old position in Germany at any time. The most likely explanation, advanced by his son, is that he didn’t care for politics at all, being completely devoted to science, and simply did whatever he had to do to survive and to further the good of mankind through physics and chemistry.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> In any case, following his 1936 receipt of the Nobel Prize, Debye moved to the United States in 1940, were he took up a professorship of Theoretical Physics at Cornell University. Here, while he continued his work with X-rays, he was showered with honors and awards. He received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from different universities, including Oxford and Harvard, and many prestigious medals and awards.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Debye became an American citizen in 1946. He had two children, one of whom became a physicist and worked on research projects with is father, and he died of a heart attack on November 2, 1966.

(Adam Philyaw) ** Richard Kuhn** was born on December 3, 1900 in Vienna and died in 1967. His father was an engineer, provoking an early scientific interest in Kuhn. He went to school with Wolfgang Pauli, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1945. In 1928 he married Daisy Hartmann, who bore him two sons and four daughters. He went to grammar school and studied Chemistry while attending Vienna University. Richard Kuhn received his P.h.D. in Munich with his thesis, “On the specificity of enzymes” in 1922. Kuhn studied compounds with double bonds to aid in his study of the chemical nature of cartenoids, or tetraterpenoid organic pigments. He discovered eight new types of cartenoids and completed work on vitamins B6 and B12. For his efforts in these studies he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938. However, a Nazi decree delayed his acceptance of the award until after the war. Richard Kuhn received many other honors in addition to his Nobel Prize. These included honorary degrees at numerous prestigious universities including the University of St. Maria, Brazil in 1960, as well as, Presidency of the Society of German Chemists and Vice-Presidency of the Max Planck Society.


 * Ky- 1939**

<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Nobel prize awards in 1939, were given in the areas of X-ray diffraction, vitamins, and sex hormones. Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt and Leopold Ruzicka did alot of chemical work independently about the origin of sex hormones and worked together to better understand how they react. ** <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">   <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt was born on the 24th of March, 1903, in Bremerhaven-Lehe, Germany. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his work on sex hormones.” He studied organic chemistry and natural products chemistry. The authorities of his country caused him to decline the award but he later received the diploma and the medal. Mr. Butenandt is married to Erika Ziegner and has seven children. His father’s name is Otto Butenandt. Mr. Adolf went to school at Bremerhaven and studied chemistry at the university of Marburg and Gottingen. In 1927 he was able to graduate studied under the German chemist, Adolf Windaus, who was awarded with the 1928 Nobel prize for “his studies and research in the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins.” For a small portion of his life, he was a scientific assistant at an institute of chemistry and a privatdozent. From 1960 to the end of his life (1995) he was the president of the Max Planck Society at Munich. Mr. Butenandt also studied interrelationships of the sex hormones and carcinogenic properties of them. He also received many other awards, prizes, and medals from Sweden, England, France, and Germany for his work. “He received the Grand Cross for Federal Services with Star, holds six honorary doctrates, and is a Freeman of the city of Bremerhaven.” Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt died on the 18th of January in 1995. ** <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Leopold Ruzicka was born 13th of September, 1887, in Vukovar, Austria-Hungary. He recieved the Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes.” He studied organic chemistry and natural products chemistry. Most of his family was into art or farming so they only enjoyed at most a few years of schooling unlike Mr. Ruzicka. When his father, Stjepan Ruzicka, died in 1892, him and his mother returned to her birthplace in Osijek. Thats where Leopold Ruzicka attended primary school. He was only interested in physics and mathematics, but of course, he has to take the other courses as well. Chemistry was not offered in school but out of pure interest in the composition of natural products, he decided to study that subject. He also attended Technische Hochschule at Karlsruhe in 1906, where he began his chemical studies. He completely the labortory courses needed in one and 3/4 years then started his doctoral work with Professor Staudinger on ketenes. Together they also explored active constituents and names them pyrethrins. “Professor Ruzicka holds eight honorary doctorates, seven prizes and medals, 24 honorary memberships of scientific societies, and 18 memberships of scientific academies.” Throughout his lifetime, Ruzicka married Anna Hausmann in 1912 and Gertrud Acklin in 1951, but has no children. Leopold Ruzicka died on the 26th of September, 1976 in Zurich, Switzerland. **