2000-2010

2000-  In 1977, Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa reported similar high conductivity in oxidized iodine-doped polyacetylene. Conductive polymers or the scientific name intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) are organic polymers that conduct electricity. Such compounds may have metallic conductivity or might be semiconductors. The biggest advantage of conductive polymers is their process ability. The work they did to receive the Noble Prize Award, was because they showed that plastics can be made to conduct electricity with a few changes. Therefore, they can combine the mechanical properties (flexibility, toughness, malleability, elasticity, etc.) of plastics with high electrical conductivity. **__Alan J. Heeger__**- Alan J. Heeger was born on January 22, 1936 in Sioux City, Iowa. His father’s family moved from Russia as Jewish immigrants to Iowa, and his mother was born in Omaha from Jewish immigrants. He lived in Akron, Iowa in his early years. He also has a brother. His father had weak heart, and had died on the same day as Franklin D. Roosevelt. Both Alan and his brother were first in their family to receive a PhD and any education higher than high school. He had meet wife Ruth in high school where he had graduated one year early. He then went onto the University of Nebraska. He attended college for engineering but then changed mind and got dual major in both physics and math. “The highlight was a course (in my senior year) in Modern Physics taught by Theodore Jorgensen. Professor Jorgensen introduced me to quantum physics and twentieth century science. I was honored by the University of Nebraska in 1998 with a Doctor of Science” Heeger had quoted. Later he attended UC Berkeley for a PhD in physics. After he got his degree, he joined the Physics Department at the University of Pennsylvania, working part time for Lockheed Space and Missile Division in Palo Alto, CA. Heeger won the ﻿ Oliver E. Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society in 1983 and, in 1995 the Balzan Prize for Science of Non-Biological Materials. The ENI Award is a prize awarded by the Italian oil and gas company ENI with the aim of encouraging better use of energy sources and increased environmental research. He also became a member of the ﻿﻿ USA Science and Engineering Festival ﻿'s Advisory Board. __** Alan G. MacDiarmid- **__ MacDiarmid was born a Kiwi (a New Zealander) in Masterton, New Zealand on April 14, 1927.He wasn’t as privileged as other younger children when he was young. He went to school barefoot, and had to take showers with left-over water from older siblings. “The fact that we were poor made us self reliant and conscious of the value of money. The fact that we were closely knit taught us the important aspects of interpersonal relationships” MacDiarmid said. He took a low-paying, part-time job as a janitor in the Chemistry department at Victoria University College. He took only two courses which were chemistry and math. “During this time I became a resident at Weir House, the University dormitory for men. This I found to be one of the most enjoyable and maturing times of my life where I made many good friends from the other ninety residents” MacDiarmid stated. After completing his B.Sc. degree he was able to attain the position of demonstrator. “My interest in chemistry was kindled when I was about ten years old at which time I found one of my father's old chemistry text books dating back to the late 1800's when he was studying engineering. I spent hours pouring over the pages in complete confusion but with burning curiosity!”. He received The Francis J. Clamer Medal  in 1993. MacDiarmid Worked at University of Pennsylvania, where he met Alan J. Heeger, for 45 years and was named Blanchard Professor of chemistry in 1988. Shirakawa was born in Japan on August 20th, 1936, and lived in a small city in Japan, Takayama until high school. He was the middle child of five, two brothers and two sisters. He had spent his childhood collecting insects, plants and making radios. He was very interested in science from a young age. Shirakawa entered Tokyo Institute of Technology in April 1957. In March 1966, completed his doctoral course and received the degree of Doctor of Engineering. The same year he married his wife, and had two sons born. He had studied polymer chemistry at the institute. During his time in Japan, he developed polyacetylene, which is a metallic appearance. His development caught attention from Alan G. MacDiarmid, and he was then invited in 1976, to work in the laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania. There he worked with both MacDiarmid and Alan J. Heeger to develop electric conductivity of polyacetylene.
 * Kaleem Fed-Ex Edwards**
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 * __Hideki Shirakawa__**-[[image:http://images.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/shirakawa.jpg width="162" height="227" caption="Hideki Shirakawa" link="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/shirakawa.html"]]

2001- K. Barry Sharpless was born in Philadelphia, PA on April 28 1941. In his younger years he attended a Quaker School on the Philadelphia city line. He enjoyed fishing. Most of his entire life others made his decisions for him; including attending Dartmouth College in the fall of 1959. First he studied in the Pre-Medical field to become an MD like his father. He leaned more toward the chemistry side of Pre-Med. His organic chemistry teacher from his sophomore year of college encouraged him to drop medical school and get his PhD in organic chemistry. Ryoji Noyori was born on September 3 1938 in Kobe Japan. In 1957 he attended Kyoto University studying organic chemistry and attended Harvard in 1969. His biggest influences were his father and a select few professors. As a child his curiosity for chemistry was developed by his father. He received twenty eight awards from 1972- 2001 starting with The Chemical Society of Japan award for young Chemists and ending with The Nobel Prize in Chemistry. William S. Knowles was born June 5th of 1917 in Taunton Massachusetts but lived in New Bedford. He attended Harvard for his undergraduate education and majored in Organic Chemistry for the four years.

2003- Roderick Mackinnon- Roderick MacKinnon was born on February 19th 1956 in Burlington, Maine. MacKinnon received his bachelor’s degree in biochemistry from Brandeis University and his master’s degree from Tufts University School of Medicine. He lived in a very comforting and liberal environment. This allowed him freedom to pursue whatever career he desired. He decided to become a scientist. At a very young age he developed the habit of asking a lot of questions, his favorite being “what would happen if?”. He grew up in a rural environment, allowing him to go off and explore the land. He began collecting rocks, butterflies, turtles, snakes and other living things. At a young age he enjoyed reading books on geology and the history of Earth. He found himself fascinated with the world around him and began to get involved with science. Science took a backseat to athletics throughout his middle and high school careers. He discovered his passion for science again in the rigorous courses at Brandeis University. He studied under Chris Miler. Together they studied calcium transport and learned about the cell membrane as an electrode. Against Millers advice, MacKinnon chose to pursue medicine after graduating from Brandeis. He later discovered that he should have listened to Miller. He kept ties to science through his medical studies by examining calcium in cardiac muscle contractility with Jim Morgan. He found himself unhappy in the medical career and decided to get back to the basic roots of science. The greatest influences on this decision were his sister, who died of leukemia, which made him realize to seize every moment you have, and his wife, Alice Lee, who encouraged him to do whatever pleased him. He began studying electrochemistry, stochastic processes, and linear systems theory. After he completed a series of biophysical studies on K+ channels he applied for an assistant professorship at Harvard, and received the spot. He had discovered the K+ channel sequence, but could not understand the chemical principles of ion selectivity in K+ channels without knowing its structure. So, he turned his focus towards methods of protein purification and X-Ray crystallography. He thought a change in environment would help him completely dive into his new endeavor of structural studies. So he moved to Rockefeller University. Not many people supported his decision, but as time passed his lab and support grew. Rockefeller University is where he continued his studies and in 2003 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels.

[] [|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/mackinnon.html#]

Nobel Prize Winners of 2005 in Chemistry-- []

Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock jointly won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005 “for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis”. 
 * ~  __**Yves Chauvin**__ ||~  **__Robert H. Grubbs__** ||~ __**Richard R. Schrock**__ ||
 * = [[image:http://images.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/chauvin.jpg width="162" height="227" align="center"]] ||= [[image:http://images.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/grubbs.jpg width="162" height="227" align="center"]] ||= [[image:http://images.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/schrock.jpg width="162" height="227" align="center"]] ||
 * = Yves Chauvin was born in Menin, France on the 10th of October 1930. Chauvin worked at the Institut Français du Pétrole, Rueil-Malmaison, France when he was awarded the prize. Chauvin grew up in Menin on the border of France and Belgium. His parents were french and so Chauvin grew up going to french schools and ended up being enlisted in the French army. Once Chauvin was released from military service he began his work in fundamental research focused on catalyst in the Dimersol process. ||= Robert H. Grubbs was born the 27th of Febuary 1942 in Possum Trot, Kentucky. At the time of the prize Grubbs worked at California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA, USA. Grubbs grew up in Possum Trot working on his family’s farm and on surrounding farms. he used to money he made to fund his way through high-school and college. Grubbs first went to the University of Florida as an Agricultural Chemistry major. Later Grubbs switched to an Organic Chemistry major. After working in the lab of Merle Battiste, Grubbs was refered to the the lab of Ron Breslow in Cloumbia University in New York. After graduating from Cloumbia University Grubbs began to work at Michigan State University on olefin metathesis. He spent nine years there and then moved on to the California Institute of Technology in 1978. ||= Richard R. Schrock was born in Berne, Illinois on the 4th of January 1945. Schrock worked at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts when he received the prize. Schrock grew up in Decatur Illinois. The house the Schrock family moved into in 1950 was an old house that need much work to bring it up to shape. Schrock’s father was a carpenter for fifteen years and so was able to do all of the construction himself. Schrock learned about wood working with his father and still loves the art. For his 8th birthday Schrock recived a chemistry set from his brother Theodore. Schrock cherished this set and it is what set him on the path with chemistry. When the family moved to San Diego in 1959 were Schrock continued to work on expanding his chemistry set and knowledge. It was there in San Diego that Schrock finnished highs school and began college at Riverside campus of the University of California. a paper entitled "The Detection of Ethylketen and enol-Crotonaldehyde in the Vapour-phase Photolysis of trans-Crotonaldehyde" reported some of Schrock’s work after he had moved onto graduate school. He did his graduate work at Harvard under the assistant professor John Osborn. from there he worked on transition metal chemistry. From there Schrock moved to MIT and stil works there as of 2006. he has a loving wife and two kids, Andrew and Eric. ||



Peter Agre- Peter Agre was born on January 30, 1949 in Northfield, Minnesota. Agre grew up living on the campus of St. Olaf College. His father was part of the chemistry department there. Over the summers he spent time in the lab with his father conducting simple experiments, such as, changing the color of solutions containing indicator dye by adding acid or bade. At a young age it was very clear to him that he would follow his fathers career path in chemistry. He father was his role model and greatest hero. His life changed drastically in the 3rd grade when his grandmother died and his father decided to take a sabbatical year at the University of California. After spending a year in California, his family moved back to Minnesota, but this time to Minneapolis. His father was offered a job at Augsburg College. Agre began attending public school. He was a bit of a slacker and was more focused on being the class clown. As a child he was very interested in the outdoors. He developed this hobby and interest while participating in Eagle Scouts. In high school he earned money as a concession salesman at the Minnesota and Twins Viking games. Here, he developed a lifelong love of cross country skiing and long distance bicycling. His senior year of high school, along with a group of close friends, he published an underground newspaper: //The Substandard.// It was a parody of his schools own newspaper. This did not please the administration and soon he faced dismissal, and withdrew form the school in 1967, when his grade in chemistry had dropped to a “D”. He finished his high school career in night school and studied Russian language during the daytime at the University of Minnesota. His expectation of the real world didn’t quite live up to what he had hoped. His father offered a solution. He swallowed his pride and enrolled at Augsburg and majored in chemistry. Having enough credits to graduate from Augsburg early, he began traveling the world, Asia more specifically. He returned in 1970 to begin his medical studies at John Hopkins University. Two defining events in his life happened at John Hopkins. The first being his commitment to biomedical research and second, the meeting of his future wife, Mary. He began a summer project to purify the //E. coli// toxin in the lab of Brad Sack in the Infectious Disease group at Johns Hopkins. This project fascinated Agre so much that he stayed in the lab during his final year of medical school, and put in an additional year as a postdoctoral fellow. This project was an eye-opening experience and showed him that he wanted to make biomedical research his life’s work. After marrying Mary, the two decided to settle down in Cleveland, Ohio, while he completely his clinical training at Case Western University Hospitals of Cleveland. After this, he moved to Chapel Hill North Carolina, after being offered a clinical fellowship in hematology and oncology at UNC. While at the University of North Carolina, he worked with John C. Parker, who always encouraged him to study red cell membranes. Since graduating college, Agre had been studying with his best friend Vann Bennett. When Vann decided to move back to Baltimore, so did Agre. He continued his work with Vann on red cell membranes. In 1983, Agre received a faculty offer from the hematology division at Brigham and Women’s Hospital at Harvard Medical School. However he declined the position because his wife wished to stay close to her family. He accepted the offer of Assistant Professorship. Along with his new technician, Andy Asimos, he continued the spherocytosis studies, establishing that the level of spectrin deficiency correlated with the clinical severity of the disease. He initiated a new project on the Rh blood group antigen in the hope that isolation of the polypeptide would allow him to define the components of the Rh antigen. He learned that he had isolated two membrane proteins, the 32 kDa RH and 28 kDa. He later began to question wheter or not tthis protein served as a channel for water. This was only the beginning. He continued his studies, which all bult onto eachother. In 2003 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of aquaporfins. Aquaporins are water-channel proteins that move water molecules though the cell membrane. []



2007 Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The 2007 Nobel peace prize winner for chemistry was Gerhard Ertl. He was born in 1936 in Bad Cannstatt, Germany. Ertl was a little above average in school. His interests were in history and science, but they were very minor interests. He did like to do chemical experiments at his house, and he had a book that he would follow as a guide while experimenting. He was eventually forced to pick another interest because his mother made him stop using chemicals. She had the fear that it was bad for his health. He started to study physics. He then went to the Technical University of Stuttgart in 1955. His abilities in math and his interest in physics made it ideal for him to study physics. He also attended the University of Paris and the University of Munich. Although he studied physics, he chose chemistry as the topic of his thesis work. Ertl began his career studying about the “recombination between H+ and OH- to H2O”. He found out that this was not very interesting, and he asked for a different topic. Ertl was working with a man named Heinz Gerischer. He suggested that instead of working the solid/liquid interface, Ertl should work with the solid/gas interface. Gerischer told him that he did not know anything about the solid/gas interface, but he would help in any way that he could. Ertl was Gerischer’s assistant. Eventually Ertl received his Ph.D.   The reason that Ertl received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was for his “thorough studies of fundamental molecular processes at the gas-solid interface” or “for his study of chemicals processes on solid surfaces.” When a small molecule hits a surface there are different possibilities for what the outcome will be. The information that Ertl found is useful for different applications, one of them relating to corrosion. Corrosion can be an issue when it happens in things like power plants or airplanes. If the surface is made of something different then there can be little to no corrosion. Eventually Ertl became a professor at the Fritz-Haber-Institute in Berlin. He studied various things while he was the head of the Physical Chemistry department at the Institute. Ertl retired in 2004, but he is “still writing and giving lectures.”

Works Cited "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007". Nobelprize.org. 4 Nov 2010 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/ "Gerhard Ertl - Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. 4 Nov 2010 [] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 - Scientific Background". Nobelprize.org. 10 Nov 2010 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/sci.html

2009-Anne Richardson

<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Venkatraman Ramkrishnan, an Indian-American scientist, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2009 for his work with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath on the structure of ribosomes. He was born in Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu in 1952, and a cool fact is that he is seventh Indian or person of Indian origin to be honored with this prize. He worked for and recieved his B.S. in Physics from M S University in Baroda, Gujarat in 1971, and then moved to the United States to earn his Ph.D in Physics at Ohio University and move on to work at University of California as a graduate student for two years. He researched with Dr. Mauricio Montal, a biochemist, before moving on to biology. He first started studying ribosomes at Yale University, and has continued ever since.He is now a scientist at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Cambridge. He has written many ground-breaking papers for various academic journals. He also became part of the staff of Brookhaven National Laboratory in the US, where he started working with Stephen White to clone genes for ribosomal structures and discover the three-dimensional structures of them. Not only was he awarded the Nobel Prize, but he was also awarded a Guggenheim fellowship, which he used to begin his study in X-ray crystallography. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[|__http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Venkatraman-Ramakrishnan-A-profile/articleshow/5098151.cms__] <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Born August 23rd, 1940 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Thomas A. Steitz grew up to be a very successful scientist and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 with Venkatraman Ramkrishnan and Ada E. Yonath. He got his B.A. in Chemistry at Lawrence College in 1962, and he earned his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry at Harvard University in 1966. He used to be a visiting professor at the University of Colorado and, now he is a professor at Yale University. He holds many other titles. He has been an investigator at Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1986 as well as a Jane Coffin Childs Postdoctoral Fellow at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Cambridge from1967-70. He has also won many awards. Before his recognition in 2009, he was awarded the Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry, was recognized as an honorable member of the National Academy of Sciences, and continued to recieve awards such as the Rosenstiel Award for Distinguished Work in Basic Medical Research, the AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Prize, the Keio Medical Science Prize, and the Gairdner International Award. In his studies, he strongly focuses on how ribosomes are targeted for antibiotics. Steitz, like Ramkrishnan and Yonath, has lived a very successful life and has greatly benefited the world with his study of the structures of ribosomes. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[|__http://www.nndb.com/people/906/000208282/__] [|__http://www.yale.edu/steitz/tom/tom.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">__<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ada Yonath, an Israeli crystallographer, is very well-known for her ground-breaking work in the structure of ribosomes with Venkatraman Ramkrishnan and Thomas Steitz, which won them the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009. Despite much skepticism, Yonath has significantly developed the field of ribsomal crystallography and taken great strides in the general study of ribosomes. Ada Yonath was born in Jerusalem and earned her Ph.D. at the Weizmann Institute of Science. An interesting fact is that she started the first protein crystallography laboratory in Israel.She then studied at Carnegie Mellon University and MIT. Like her fellow Nobel Prize winners, she is a member of many associations and has won numerous awards. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the European Molecular Biology Organization, the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Yonath has been honored with many awards which include the Israel Prize, the European Crystallography Prize(she won the first one), NIH Certificate of Distinction, the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize(from Columbia U.), Fritz Lipmann Award of the German Biochemical Society, the Datta Medal of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies, the Harvey Prize, Kilby Prize, Massry Award and Medal(from USC), Paul Karrer Gold Medal( Zurich University), the Cotton Medal of the US Chemical Society, and the Anfinsen Award of the International Protein Society. __ __<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[|__http://tripatlas.com/Ada_Yonath__] __

He is born in August 15, 1931, Springfield, Massachusetts. He graduated from the University of California as bachelor's degree in 1952 and earned his doctor of philosophy degree from same university in 1954. Heck was in Hercules Corporation in WIlmington, Delaware, in 1957. This career led him to be hired by the University of Delaware's Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry in 1971 as a professor, then he retired in 1989. His research of the coupling the coupling of arylmercury compounds with olefins using palladium as a catalyst began in the late 1960s, and this work was published in a series of seven consecutive articles in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) for which Heck was the sole author. His work set for the variety of other palladium such as catalyzed coupling reactions, including those aryl halides with derivatives of boronic acid (the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling), organotin reagents (the Stille coupling), organomagnesium compounds (the Kumada-Corriu coupling), silanes (or the Hiyama coupling), and organozincs (theNegishi coupling), as well as with alcohols and organic amines. The greatest societal impact out of his work was from the palladium-catalyzed coupling of an alkyne with an aryl halide; it is the reaction that is for coupling flourescent dyes to DNA bases, allowing the autmation of DNA sequencing and the examination of the human genome. Work Sites: [] []
 * 2010 (Melissa Sim) **
 * Prize for Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions in organic synthesis **
 * Richard F. Heck **

He was born on July 14, 1935 in Changchun, at that time the capital of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo. In 1958, he graduated from the University of Tokyo, and did his internship at Teijin. Then, he went to United States and earned his PhD from University of Pennsylvania in 1963 under the supervision of professor Allan R. Day. In 1966, he served as a postodc researcher at Purdue University and became assistant professor in 1968. Herbert Charles Brown influenced his when Negishi worked with Brown. In 2000 he was awarded the Royal Society of Chemistry's Sir Edward Frankland Prize Lectureship. His research, or Negishi coupling, is a cross coupling reaction in organic chemistry including an organozinc com <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">pound, an organic halide and a nickel or palladium catalyst creating a new carbon-carbon covalent bond. It is named after himself. The active catalyst in this reaction is zerovalent (M0) and the reaction in general proceeds through an oxidative addition step of the organic halide followed by transmetalation with the zinc compound and then reductive elimination. Both organozinc halides and diorganozinc compounds can be used as starting materials. In one model system it was found that in the transmetalation step the former give the cis-adduct R-Pd-R' resulting in fast reductive elimination to product while the latter gives the trans-adduct which has to go through a slow tans-cis isomerization first. A common side reaction is homocoupling. In one Negishi model system the formation of homocoupling was found to be the result of a second transmetalation reaction between the diarylmetal intermediate and arylmetal halide. Work Sites: [] [] []
 * Ei-ichi Negishi **

He was born September 12, 1930 in Mukawa, Hokkaido, Japan. He graduated from the University of Hokkaido, and, after he received his PhD, he became an assistant professor from his university. He also worked with Herbert Charles Brown as a postdoc at the Purdue University from 1963 to 1965. He became a full professor in the University of Hokkaido, after he returned to there. Then he retired in 1994, from the University of Hokkaido, he served several positions from other universities, such as Okayama University of Science (1994-1995), Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts (1995-2002). His work called as Suzuki reaction, which is organic reaction of an aryl- or vinyl-boronic acid with an aryl- or vinyl-halide catalyzed by a palladium (0) complex. It often use to synthesize poly-olefins, styrenes, and has been expanded to incorporate alkyl bromides. The reaction also involved with pseudohalides, such as triflates, instead of halides, and also with boron-esters instead of boronic acids. the first Suzuki reaction, in 1979, couples boronic acids (containing an organic part) to halides. The reaction relies on a palladium catalyst such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) to effect part of the transformation. The palladium catalyst (more strictly a pre-catalyst) is 4-coordinate, and usually involves phosphine supporting groups. Work Cites: [] []
 * Akira Suzuki **